Занятие 18 (продолжительность-3ч)
Тема: Физиология систем и органов. Основные физиологические процессы в организме человека.
Цель: развитие навыков чтения и повседневного общения, а также формирование и развитие компетенций:
-ОК-1-способность к обобщению, анализу, восприятию информации, постановке цели и выбору путей ее достижения, владение культурой мышления;
-ОК-2-способность логически верно, аргументировано и ясно строить устную и письменную речь, создавать тексты профессионального назначения;
ПК-13- способность использовать один из иностранных языков в общении и профессиональной деятельности на уровне, не ниже разговорного.
Задачи:
-Повторить временные формы страдательного залога–времена группы Simple (Indefinite);
-Тренировать навыки изучающего чтения для перевода специальных текстов по теме «Физиология»;
-Освоение терминологии по теме «Физиология систем и органов»;
Этапы занятия: 1) Проверка домашнего задания 20 мин.
2) Речевая разминка Направлена на формирование
компетенции – ОК-1 20 мин.
Ответьте на вопросы:
Why is digestion important?
What are digestive organs?
Where does the digestive process begin?
What digestive glands do you know?
Посмотрите на схему пищеварительного тракта и расскажите
о его строении:
3) Изучающее чтение «Digestive System» Направлено на формирование компетенции–ОК-1, ОК-2 60 мин.
Your digestive system is uniquely designed to turn the food you eat into energy your body needs to survive. The mouth is the beginning of the digestive tract. In fact, digestion starts here as soon as you take the first bite of a meal. Chewing breaks the food into pieces that are more easily digested, while saliva mixes with food to begin the process of breaking it down into a form your body can absorb and use. The throat, also called the pharynx, is the next destination for food you've eaten. From here, food travels to the esophagus or swallowing tube.
The esophagus is a muscular tube extending from the pharynx to the stomach. By means of a series of contractions, called peristalsis, the esophagus delivers food to the stomach.
The stomach is a sac-like organ with strong muscular walls. In addition to holding the food, it's also a mixer and grinder. The stomach secretes acid and powerful enzymes that continue the process of breaking down the food. When it leaves the stomach, food is the consistency of a liquid or paste. From there the food moves to the small intestine.
Made up of three segments, the duodenum, jejunum, and ileum, the small intestine is a long tube loosely coiled in the abdomen. The small intestine continues the process of breaking down food by using enzymes released by the pancreas and bile from the liver. Bile is a compound that aids in the digestion of fat and eliminates waste products from the blood. Peristalsis (contractions) is also at work in this organ, moving food through and mixing it up with digestive secretions. Three organs play a pivotal role in helping the stomach and small intestine digest food – the liver, gallbladder, pancreas.
Among other functions, the pancreas secretes enzymes into the small intestine. These enzymes break down protein, fat, and carbohydrates from the food we eat. The liver has many functions, but two of its main functions within the digestive system are to make and secrete bile, and to cleanse and purify the blood coming from the small intestine containing the nutrients just absorbed. The gallbladder is a pear-shaped reservoir that sits just under the liver and stores bile. Bile is made in the liver then travels to the gallbladder through a channel called the cystic duct. During a meal, the gallbladder contracts, sending bile to the small intestine.
Once the nutrients have been absorbed and the liquid has passed through the small intestine, what is left of the food you ate is handed over to the large intestine, or colon. The colon is a 5- to 6-foot-long muscular tube that connects the cecum (the first part of the large intestine) to the rectum (the last part of the large intestine). It is made up of the ascending (right) colon, the transverse (across) colon, the descending (left) colon, and the sigmoid colon, which connects to the rectum. The rectum is an 8-inch chamber that connects the colon to the anus. The anus is the last part of the digestive tract. It consists of the pelvic floor muscles and the two anal sphincters (internal and external muscles).
Задание1. Соотнесите следующие английские эквиваленты и русские словосочетания:
1. food travels to the esophagus |
a. превращать пищу в энергию |
2. to secrete acid and powerful enzymes |
b. по пищеводу пища поступает в желудок |
3. to play a pivotal role |
c. расщеплять протеины, жиры и углеводы, содержащиеся в пище |
4. to break down protein, fat, and carbohydrates from the food |
d. играть огромную роль |
5. to eliminate waste products from the blood |
e. пища поступает в пищевод |
6. the esophagus delivers food to the stomach |
f. вырабатывать кислоту и сильные ферменты |
7. to turn the food into energy |
g. вырабатывать и секретировать желчь |
8. to make and secrete bile |
h. выводить продукты метаболизма из крови |
Задание2. Заполните пропуски соответствующими предлогами:
When you eat foods—such as bread, meat, and vegetables—they are not …
a form that the body can use as nourishment. 2) Digestion involves mixing food … digestive juices. 3) Digestion begins … the mouth, when you chew and swallow, and is completed … the small intestine. 4) Swallowed food is pushed … the esophagus, which connects the throat … the stomach. 5) Saliva produced … the salivary glands contains an enzyme that begins to digest the starch from food. 6) The pancreas produces a juice that contains a wide range … enzymes to break down the carbohydrate, fat, and protein in food. 7) The liver produces a digestive juice, called bile, which is stored between meals … the gallbladder. 8) Bile is made … the liver then travels … the gallbladder … a channel called the cystic duct. 9) The rectum is an 8-inch chamber that connects the colon … the anus. 10)
Задание3. Дополните вводные предложения аннотации таким образом, чтобы они выражали содержание каждого абзаца в обобщенном виде:
a) The mouth is …
Saliva is important in digestion as it …
The pharynx is the part of the digestive system which …
b) The esophagus delivers food …
The food is mixed and …
From the stomach the food, which is a liquid or paste, travels …
c) The small intestine continues …
Enzymes released by the digestive glands help in …
d) From the small intestine the liquid passes to …
The rectum is the last destination …
4) Информативное чтение «Digestive glands»: Прочтите текст, ответьте на вопросы после текста. Направлено на формирование компетенций – ОК-1, ОК-2 35 мин.
Several glands are involved in the digestion process. These include the salivary glands, glands in the stomach, and glands in the duodenum or small intestine.
The salivary glands located under the tongue, and in the back of the mouth, produce saliva in the mouth. Enzymes in the saliva provide the first stage of chemical digestion, helping breakdown fats and carbohydrates.
Glands in the stomach secrete gastrin that stimulates the stomach to produce gastric juices. These gastric juices help in the digestion of protein. The gastric juices also kill potentially harmful bacteria in the food.
Glands in the duodenum or small intestine secrete several hormones including secretin, cholecystokinin (CCK), and gastric inhibitory peptide (GIP). Secretin is secreted in response to acidic chyme from the stomach. Secretin stimulates the pancreas to produce sodium bicarbonate neutralizing the acid. CCK stimulates pancreatic enzymes that assist in the breakdown of fats, proteins, and carbohydrates. GIP decreases the stomach contractions, slowing the rate of food entering the duodenum, and giving the small intestine more time to digest the fats, proteins, and carbohydrates.
Задание1. Ответьте на вопросы к тексту:
What glands are involved in the process of digestion?
Where are the salivary glands located?
What do enzymes in the saliva provide?
What enzyme do the glands in the stomach secrete?
What is the primary function of digestive enzymes?
What enzymes do the glands in the small intestine secrete?
What is each of these enzymes responsible for?