Занятие 16 (продолжительность-3ч)

Тема: Физиология систем и органов. Основные физиологические процессы в организме человека.

Цель: развитие навыков чтения и повседневного общения, а также формирование и развитие компетенций:

-ОК-1-способность к обобщению, анализу, восприятию информации, постановке цели и выбору путей ее достижения, владение культурой мышления;

-ОК-2-способность логически верно, аргументировано и ясно строить устную и письменную речь, создавать тексты профессионального назначения;

ПК-13- способность использовать один из иностранных языков в общении и профессиональной деятельности на уровне, не ниже разговорного.

Задачи:

-Повторить временные формы страдательного залога–времена группы Simple (Indefinite);

-Тренировать навыки изучающего чтения для перевода специальных текстов по теме «Физиология»;

-Освоение терминологии по теме «Физиология систем и органов»;

Этапы занятия: 1) Проверка домашнего задания 15 мин.

2) Речевая разминка Направлена на формирование

компетенции – ОК-1 15 мин.

1. Ответьте на вопросы:

• What system of the human body is responsible for taking in oxygen and giving off carbon dioxide?

• What does the respiratory system consist of?

• What is the first division of the respiratory system?

• Where are the lungs located?

• What do we need them for?

• What is there in the ribcage between your lungs?

• What are the lungs protected by?

3) Изучающее чтение «Lungs. Physiology of the lungs» Направлено на формирование компетенции–ОК-1, ОК-2 60 мин.

There are two lungs which are located in the chest. They are separated from each other by the mediastinum. The lungs are covered by the pleura. They are conical in shape and each lung has the base, apex, two borders and three surfaces. In the adult the weight of the lungs is about 1.350 g. The right lung is heavier than the left one, because it consists of three lobes and the left one is composed of two lobes.

The structure of the lung consists of an external serous coat, the visceral layer of the pleura, subserous elastic tissue and the parenchyma.

The physiology of the lungs is associated with their structure. There are over 700, 000, 000 alveoli ['əlviolai] in the lungs. The lungs have many capillaries with the total surface of about 80 sq. m. This particular structure of the lungs enables the exchange of gases between the alveolar air and the blood. Elastic fibers of the connective tissue which form the walls of the alveoli alveolar passages enable the lungs to dilate.

When one breathes normally not all the alveoli and capillaries of the lungs are opened. When respiration becomes deep, the number of opened alveoli and capillaries increases. The regulation of the vital capacity of the lungs is important for the exchange of oxygen and carbon dioxide which takes place in the lungs. In the adult the vital capacity of the lungs is about 3-4 litres. When the depth of respiration increases the vital capacity may be 6 litres and even more. The lungs take part in the production of physiologically active substances, in the regulation of blood coagulation, in the metabolism of proteins, fats and carbohydrates.

Задание1. Соотнесите начало предложения и его окончание:

1. The lungs are covered	a. the weight of the lungs is about 1.350 g.
2. The physiology of the lungs	b. the number of opened alveoli and capillaries increases.
3. Elastic fibers in the walls of the alveoli	c. is about 3-4 litres.
4. When respiration becomes deep,	d. with the total surface of about 80 sq. m.
5. In the adult,	e. from each other by the mediastinum.
6. The right lung is	f. enable the lungs to dilate.
7. In the adult the vital capacity of the lungs	g. heavier than the left one.
8. The lungs have many capillaries	h. the vital capacity may be 6 litres and even more.
9. The lungs are separated	i. is associated with their structure.
10. When the depth of respiration increases	j. by the pleura.

Задание2. Задайте вопросы к выделенным словам:

1. The primary function of the respiratory system is to obtain oxygen by body's cells & eliminate carbon dioxide that cells produce. 2. The exchange of gases (O₂ & CO₂) between the alveoli & the blood occurs by simple diffusion. 3. Breathing is an active process requiring the contraction of skeletal muscles. 4. The primary muscles of respiration include the external intercostal muscles and the diaphragm. 5. The diaphragm is a sheet of muscle located between the thoracic & abdominal cavities. 6. As the external intercostal muscles & diaphragm contract, the lungs expand. 7. During expiration, the respiration muscles relax & lung volume decreases.

Задание3. Соотнесите русские слова и английские эквиваленты:

1. углекислый газ	A. external serous layer
2. границы	B. carbon dioxide
3. паренхима	C. mediastinum
4. наружный серозный слой	D. vital capacity of the lungs
5. жизненная емкость легких	E. total surface
6. средостение	F. apex
7. верхушка	G. parenchyma
8. общая поверхность	H. borders

Задание4. Дополните вводные предложения аннотации таким образом, чтобы они выражали содержание каждого абзаца в обобщенном виде:

А) The left and right lungs are located …

Each lung has …

The right lung is …

The lung proper consists of …

Б) The lungs have many capillaries which …

The walls of the alveoli are made up of elastic fibers which …

В) When a person breathes normally, …

When the respiration becomes deep, …

The vital capacity of the lungs is … , but it tends to increase …

Задание5. Переведите на английский язык, используя лексику из текста:

1. Легкие – это одни из самых больших органов в организме человека. 2. Легкие покрыты тонким слоем (layer) ткани, который называется плевра. 3. Легкие имеют розовый (pink) цвет. 4. В легких имеется более 600 миллионов альвеол. 5. Когда альвеолы заполняются (fill up with) воздухом, легкие расширяются (dilate). 6. Альвеолы способствуют тому (allow), что кислород из воздуха поступает (pass into)в кровь. 7. Все клетки человеческого организма нуждаются в кислороде. 8. Воздух, который мы выдыхаем, содержит углекислый газ и продукты метаболизма (waste products).

4) Информативное чтение «Oxygen Transport from Air to Tissues» Прочтите текст, ответьте на вопросы после текста. Направлено на формирование компетенций – ОК-1, ОК-2 40 мин.

Oxygen is transported from the air that we breathe to each cell in the body. In general, gases move from an area of high concentration (pressure) to areas of low concentration (pressure). If there is a mixture of gases in a container, the pressure of each gas (partial pressure) is equal to the pressure that each gas would produce if it occupied the container alone.

The air (atmosphere) around us has a total pressure of 760 mmHg (1 atmosphere of pressure = 760mmHg = 101kPa = 15lbs/sq. in). Air is made up of 21% oxygen, 78% nitrogen and small quantities of CO2, argon and helium. The pressure exerted by the main two gases individually, when added together, equals the total surrounding pressure or atmospheric pressure. The pressure of oxygen (PO₂) of dry air at sea level is therefore 159 mmHg (21/100 x 760=159). However by the time the inspired air reaches the trachea it has been warmed and humidified by the upper respiratory tract. The humidity is formed by water vapour which as a gas exerts a pressure. At 37^oC the water vapour pressure in the trachea is 47 mmHg. Taking the water vapour pressure into account, the PO₂ (oxygen partial pressure) in the trachea when breathing air is (760-47) x 21/100 = 150 mmHg. By the time the oxygen has reached the alveoli the PO₂ has fallen to about 100 mmHg. This is because the PO₂ of the gas in the alveoli (PAO2) is a balance between two processes: the removal of oxygen by the pulmonary capillaries and its continual supply by alveolar ventilation (breathing).

Blood returning to the heart from the tissues has a low PO₂ (40 mmHg) and travels to the lungs via the pulmonary arteries. The pulmonary arteries form pulmonary capillaries, which surround alveoli. Oxygen diffuses (moves through the membrane separating the air and the blood) from the high pressure in the alveoli (100 mmHg) to the area of lower pressure of the blood in the pulmonary capillaries (40 mmHg). After oxygenation blood moves into the pulmonary veins which return to the left side of the heart to be pumped to the systemic tissues. In a 'perfect lung' the PO₂ of pulmonary venous blood would be equal to the PO₂ in the alveolus. Three factors may cause the PO₂ in the pulmonary veins to be less than the PAO₂: ventilation/perfusion mismatch, shunt and slow diffusion.

Задание1. Ответьте на вопросы к тексту:

1. How do gases typically move in the human body?

2. What is the pressure of the air around us?

3. What are the constituents of the air?

4. What is the pressure of oxygen of the dry air?

5. What is air humidity formed by?

6. Does the blood returning to the heart from the tissues have a low or high PO₂?

7. How does oxygen diffuse?

8. Where is oxygenated blood taken?

9. What factors may cause the PO₂ in the pulmonary veins to be less than the PAO₂?