Занятие 13(продолжительность-3ч.) Итоговая контрольная работа по вводно-коррективному курсу. Вариант I
1) Переведите на английский язык слова и словосочетания:
водород внеклеточный
содержать/включать
свойство
водный
2) Выполните письменно:
• Поставьте предложение в Passive Voice Simple:
Cells perform all vital physiological functions.
• Поставьте предложение в отрицательную и вопросительную форму:
Genetic information is copied by the cell.
• Раскройте скобки:
When separated from the colony, cells (могут) survive independently.
Enzymes (должны) have a specific structure to function.
3) Ответьте на вопросы:
1) What are cells?
2) What are the properties of an element determined by?
3) Do neutrons have a charge?
4) How many cells does the human body contain?
5) What is natural classification?
Занятие 14 (продолжительность-3ч)
Тема: Физиология систем и органов. Основные физиологические процессы в организме человека.
Цель: развитие навыков чтения и повседневного общения, а также формирование и развитие компетенций:
-ОК-1-способность к обобщению, анализу, восприятию информации, постановке цели и выбору путей ее достижения, владение культурой мышления;
-ОК-2-способность логически верно, аргументировано и ясно строить устную и письменную речь, создавать тексты профессионального назначения;
ПК-13- способность использовать один из иностранных языков в общении и профессиональной деятельности на уровне, не ниже разговорного.
Задачи:
-Повторить временные формы страдательного залога–времена группы Simple (Indefinite);
-Тренировать навыки изучающего чтения для перевода специальных текстов по теме «Физиология»;
-Освоение терминологии по теме «Физиология систем и органов»;
Этапы занятия: 1) Речевая разминка Направлена на формирование
компетенции – ОК-1 25 мин.
Ответьте на вопросы:
What does physiology study?
What do we call a specialist in physiology?
What organ systems are there in the human body?
How do they function?
What is the main function of the heart/lungs/kidneys/liver/spleen/stomach/gallbladder?
What is oxygen required for?
How is oxygen carried throughout the body?
How many blood circulations are there in the human body?
Расскажите о циркуляции крови в организме человека. Используйте схему циркуляции крови:
[The venous blood from the systemic and portal circulation is brought to the right atrium of the heart. From the right atrium the blood passes into the right ventricle. During the ventricular systole the blood is pumped into the pulmonary artery. From the pulmonary artery the venous blood enters the pulmonary circulation. Through the pulmonary artery the blood is brought to the lungs where it discharges out carbon dioxide and takes in oxygen. The oxygenated blood from the venous part of the pulmonary capillary system passes into the veins and venules. After passing the four pulmonary veins the arterial blood is brought to the left atrium. From the left atrium the blood passes into the left ventricle. During the contraction of the left ventricle the arterial blood is pumped into the aorta. After that the blood is carried through the arteries to all parts of the body].
2) Изучающее чтение «Structure and functions of the
human body» Направлено на формирование компетенции–ОК-1, ОК-2 60 мин.
Задание1. Выучите следующие слова и словосочетания: inner - внутренний, hollow - полый, chamber - камера, contraction - сокращение, to pump – нагнетать, накачивать, wave - волна, corpuscle [‘kopəsl] – клетка крови, corpuscular element – форменный элемент, platelet – тромбоцит, пластинка, numerous - многочисленный, colouring substance (hemoglobin) [himə’globin] – красящее вещество (гемоглобин), to take part in – принимать участие в, carbohydrate - углевод, exchange - обмен, carbon dioxide – углекислый газ, alveolus-alveoli - альвеола, to transfer - переносить, to breathe in/out – вдыхать/выдыхать, to extend - расширяться, dilated – расширенный/увеличенный, capacity - емкость, stimulus – stimuli – стимул/импульс, to summarize – суммировать/обобщать, motor cortex – двигательный отдел коры головного мозга, feeding substance – питательное вещество
The cardiovascular system consists of the heart, vessels and blood. The heart is an inner hollow muscular organ placed within the chest and included in the pericardium. The heart consists of two chambers divided by the septum. Each of the chambers has two connected parts: the atrium and the ventricle. There are three groups of vessels – arteries, veins and capillaries. The contractions of the heart pump the blood through the arteries to all the parts of the body. Each wave of heart contraction and a period of rest following it compose a cardiac cycle. Blood is a fluid tissue which is composed of plasma and the corpuscular elements - red corpuscles or erythrocytes, white corpuscles or leucocytes and blood platelets or thrombocytes. The erythrocytes are the most numerous cellular elements. They contain red colouring substance or hemoglobin.
The lungs are the main organs of the respiratory system located in the lateral cavities of the chest. The lungs are separated from each other by the mediastinum. They are covered with the pleura. The right lung consists of 3 lobes and the left one consists of two lobes. The lungs take part in the production of physiologically active substances, in the regulation of blood coagulation, in the metabolism of proteins, fats and carbohydrates. The exchange of oxygen and carbon dioxide takes place in the alveoli of the lungs. Hemoglobin transfers oxygen in the blood to all tissues and organs of our body. When one breathes in, the volume of the chest increases and the lungs extend. The pressure in the lungs becomes less and the atmospheric air enters the lungs. When one breathes out, the volume of the chest decreases and the lungs contract. The pressure in the lungs becomes higher and the air goes out of the lungs.
The digestive system is formed by a musculomembraneous canal which consists of the mouth, pharynx, esophagus, stomach, small intestine, and large intestine. The stomach is a dilated portion of the alimentary canal. It is in the upper part of the abdomen under the diaphragm. It has a capacity of from 2 to 4 litres. The liver is the largest gland of the alimentary tract. The small intestine is composed of the duodenum, jejunum and ileum. The large intestine is divided into caecum, colon and rectum. The useful constituents of food are absorbed by the small intestine, while the useless move into the large intestine
The brain is the main organ of the nervous system. It is the center for regulating and coordinating body activities. The brain consists of about 12 billion cells. Each cell is connected to the other by nerve fibres. A constant flow of stimuli comes into the brain through the spinal cord. When all the received stimuli have been summarized and analyzed the brain sends orders to different parts of the human body. The motor cortex controls many body movements. The hypothalamus controls such functions as blood pressure. To provide a proper work of the brain the nervous cells must be well supplied with oxygen and feeding substances. And for this purpose any human being must have regular complete rest, i.e. (id est = that is) sleep. When one sleeps the vital activity of the nervous system is restored. So sleep is of a great protective significance to the human being.
Задание2. Найдите английские эквиваленты для следующих выражений из текста: орган, расположенный в грудной клетке, камеры разделенные перегородкой, по артериям ко всем частям тела, период отдыха, расположенный в боковых полостях грудной клетки, состоять из долей, выработка физиологически активных веществ, обмен белков, жиров, углеводов, в альвеолах легких, объем грудной клетки увеличивается/уменьшается, воздух выходит из легких, железы пищеварительного тракта, под диафрагмой, полезные компоненты пищи, соединяться посредством нервных волокон, полученные стимулы, отправлять приказы, для обеспечения надлежащей работы, для этой цели, жизненная активность восстанавливается
Задание3.Найдите в тексте примеры употребления глаголов в Present/Past/Future Simple Passive. Распределите все глаголы в тексте на те, которые употребляются в страдательном залоге и те, которые не употребляются. Например,
Употр-ся в страд.залоге |
Не употреб-ся в страд.залоге |
are separated from |
consist of |
|
|
|
|
|
|
Задание4. Дополните вводные предложения аннотации таким образом, чтобы они выражали содержание каждого абзаца в обобщенном виде:
1) The cardiovascular system consists of ….
The cardiovascular system also includes ….
Blood which circulates through the body is …
2) The lungs are the organs which ….
The lungs play a role in …
When a person breathes in, … . When a person breathes out, … .
3) The digestive system consists of …
The glands of the alimentary tract are …
4) The brain is the main organ of …
Stimuli come into the brain … from … .
In its turn, the brain sends signals ….
The human brain needs regular supply of …
Задание5. В соответствии с содержанием текста выберите правильные ответы на вопросы:
1) What type of organ is the heart?
2) What chambers is the heart divided into?
3) What do contractions of the heart result in?
4) What are the constituent elements of the blood?
5) What is the structure of the lungs?
6) How is blood transferred to the tissues and organs of the body?
7) What is the stomach?
8) What parts is the large intestine divided into?
9) What parts is the small intestine divided into?
10) What does the brain consist of?
11) What happens to the stimuli which come into the brain?
12) Why is it necessary to have regular rest?
3) Информативное чтение «Blood. Circulation of Blood» Направлено на формирование компетенций – ОК-1, ОК-2 50 мин.
Blood is a fluid tissue which is composed of plasma and the corpuscular elements: red blood cells (or erythrocytes), white blood cells (or leucocytes) and platelets (or thrombocytes). The number of leucocytes in the blood of a healthy person is 4.500 to 9.500 per cc mm (cubic millimetre). It may increase up to 10.000 per cc mm after mental or physical exertion, meals and mild activity. The erythrocytes are the most numerous blood elements. The number of erythrocytes is from 4 000 000 to 5 000 000 per cc mm. The number of red blood cells may change with age and it may increase after physical exertion and emotions. The most important part of the red blood cell is hemoglobin which forms about 36% of its mass. The total blood volume is divided into circulating and reservoir volumes. The venous blood from the systemic and portal circulation is brought to the right atrium of the heart. From the right atrium the blood passes into the right ventricle. During the ventricular systole the blood is pumped into the pulmonary artery. From the pulmonary artery the venous blood enters the pulmonary circulation. Through the pulmonary artery the blood is brought to the lungs where it discharges out carbon dioxide and takes in oxygen. The oxygenated blood from the venous part of the pulmonary capillary system passes into the veins and venules. After passing the four pulmonary veins the arterial blood is brought to the left atrium. From the left atrium the blood passes into the left ventricle. During the contraction of the left ventricle the arterial blood is pumped into the aorta. After that the blood is carried through the arteries to all parts of the body.
Задание1. Опровергните (FALSE) или согласитесь (TRUE) со следующими утверждениями:
1) The blood is composed of erythrocytes, leucocytes and thrombocytes (platelets).
2) The number of white blood cells is never increased.
3) Thrombocytes are the most numerous corpuscular elements of blood.
4) The most important part of red blood cells is the colouring substance.
5) There are two circulations in the human body.
6) In the lungs blood discharges out carbon dioxide and takes in oxygen.
7) The oxygenated blood is called arterial blood.
8) The arterial blood is brought to the left atrium from the aorta.
Задание2. Заполните пропуски соответствующими словами из текста и расскажите о циркуляции крови:
The … blood from the systemic circulation is brought to the … atrium of the heart. From the … atrium of the heart the blood passes to the … … .
During the … the blood is pumped into the pulmonary … . From the pulmonary … the venous blood enters the … circulation. Through the … … the blood is brought to the lungs and it discharges carbon dioxide there and takes in …
The … blood from the venous part of the pulmonary capillary system passes into the … and … . After passing the four pulmonary veins the … blood is brought to the … atrium.
From the … atrium the blood passes to the … ventricle. During the contraction of the left ventricle the … blood is pumped into the … . After passing through the … the blood is brought to … .
Задание3. Просмотрите текст «Systemic circulation» и ответьте на вопросы после текста:
The systemic blood vessels are divided into arteries, arterioles, capillaries and veins. Arteries supply blood to the organs at high pressure, whereas arterioles are smaller vessels with muscular walls which allow direct control of flow through each capillary bed. Capillaries consist of a single layer of endothelial cells, and the thin walls allow exchange of nutrients between blood and tissue. Veins return blood from the capillary beds to the heart, and contain 70% of the circulating blood volume, in contrast to the 15% in the arterial system. Veins act a reservoir, and venous tone is important in maintaining the return of blood to the heart, for example in severe hemorrhage, when sympathetic stimulation causes constriction of the veins.
1) What are the systemic blood vessels divided into?
2) Under what conditions is blood supplied to the organs?
3) What do capillaries consist of?
4) What is the percentage of circulating blood volume in veins?
5) What is the function of veins?