II.Reading.

Ex.5 . Read and translate the text A.

Text a Air Pollution

The old days. Until about 150 years ago, the air was clean and pure — perfect for people and animals to breathe.

Factories. Then people started building factories, which emited harmful gases into the air. Later on they started driving cars, adding more to the problem.

Today. Today the air is so polluted that it is not always safe to breathe. Pollutants travelling around the world in the upper atmosphere may be deposited anywhere as acid rain. Air pollution causes cancer. The number of species in an ecosystem often declines when it becomes polluted.

The Brown Staff. Many cities around the world have air filled with a pollution called ‘smog’. This is so strong in some places that the air which should be blue, actually looks brown with the pollution.

Air Inside. The air inside a building is nearly always more polluted than the air outside. For example, Radon-222. Invisible, tasteless, odorless, radioactive radon gas may be the biggest potential killer among environmental hazards after tobacco smoke. If you are exposed to the average amount of radon found in a home, you have about 4 in 1,000 chance of dying of lung cancer by radon. This is much greater risk than the risk from such environmental health hazard as asbestos, vinyl chloride, pesticides, chloroform in drinking water, or benzene in the air. It is much less than the chance of dying of lung cancer caused by smoking. Smoking, by itself, is the single biggest source of indoor air pollution and the type of air pollution that causes most deaths — several million each year worldwide.

Air pollution can be considered the most dangerous kind of pollution. It is caused by fumes released from cars, trucks, buses, airplanes; by dirt, smoke and gases from factories and plants. Fabric printing also has some pollutants. They are volatile organic compounds (VOC) from mineral spirit solvents in print pastes or inks. Volatile organic compounds (VOC) emissions to the atmosphere are mineral spirits evaporating from print paste during application to fabric before drying . The largest VOC emission source is the drying oven stack which vents evaporated solvents (mineral spirits and water) to the atmosphere. VOC emissions to the waste water are print paste mineral spirits washed with water from the printing blanket and discharged in waste water.

In some printing processes drying process emissions are vented directly to the atmosphere. People don’t want to breathe dirty air because they can get many diseases. Polluted air is not only bad for people and animals, but for trees and other plants as well. And in some places it is even damaging farmers’ crops — the food we eat. So it is very important for us to clean up the air we all breathe. That’s why factory owners and businessmen managing enterprises harmful for environment first of all must provide powerful filters to reduce smoke, dust and dangerous gases to make air cleaner. Our factories and plants have to stop throwing wastes of their processes in to the water . It means that waste – free technologies must be developed and used in the production processes .

Ex.6. Match the words in column A with their equivalents in column B.

A B

1.to breathe 1.черепиця

2. to deposit 2.випускати

3. odourless 3.димар

4.invisible 4. дим

5.pollutant 5. дихати

6.hazard 6. опадати

7.to vent 7. без запаху

8.fume 8. невидимий

9.oven stack 9. забруднювач

10. tile 10. ризик

Ex.7. Read and translate sentences paying special attention to the translation of the Gerund and the Participle I.

1.People started building factories, which emitted harmful gases into the air.

2.Investigating ecology we solve many important problems.

3.Investigating environment help us greatly .

4. There is the risk from such environmental health hazards as chloroform in drinking water.

5. Smoking, by itself, is the simple biggest source of indoor air pollution.

6. In some places polluted air is even demanding the food we eat.

7. Factory owners and businessmen managing enterprises harmful for environment must provide powerful filters to reduce smoke.

Ex.8. Substitute Ukrainian words for English ones given below.

1. Now the air is so забруднений that it is not always safe to breathe.(polluted, protected)

2. Pollutants in the upper atmosphere may be deposited anywhere as кислотний rain. (thick, acid,warm)

3. There is great risk from such environmental health hazards as asbestos, vinyl chloride, азотні oxides. (nitrogen, alkaline, soluble)

4. Drying process викиди are vented directly to the atmosphere (wastes, emissions, solvents)

5. The number of species in an ecosystem often зменшуються when it becomes polluted. (declines, increases, deposits)

6. It is very important for us to clean up the air we all дихаємо (demand, breathe, contain)

7. Chemicals used for fabric printing are rather шкідливі for health and they are not environmentally friendly (harmful, useful, essential).