III. Language.

Exercise 8. Match the words in column A with their Ukrainian equivalents in column B.

A B

1.fur 1.вiдкриття

2. starch 2. складнiсть

3. resin 3. волога

4. discovery 4.липкий

5. cotton 5. осаджувати

6. intricacy 6.хутро

7. adhesive 7. тривалiсть

8.to precipitate 8.бавовна

9. moisture 9.крохмаль

10. durability 10.смола

Exercise 9. Insert in the sentences the suitable words and word-combinations given below :

1…. polymers provide food , clothing , shelter , transportation .

2.On the basis of the discovery … a new industry of man-made organic polymers has appeared .

3.Synthetic polymers possess several of the properties … in a structural material .

4.Their properties are light in weight , easily transported and repaired , and satisfactorily resistant to … .

5.The natural polymers such as proteins , cellulose … even in ancient times .

6.Chemists attacked sugar ,glycerol , alcohol to learn what these substances were … of .

( required , composed ,organic , involved , dominated , moisture )

Exercise 10.Substitute Ukrainian words for English ones given below:

1.Organic polymers include proteins ,cellulose , starch , смоли , and a few other classes of compounds.

(plastics , resins )

2.Plastics and synthetic обшивки are in common use .

(coatings , materials)

3.In the 20^th century the scientists began дослiджувати wood , starch , wool , silk .

( to develop , to investigate )

4.Most polymers have the form of long , гнучких chains .

(complex ,flexible )

5.Scientists began синтезувати artificial polymers .

(analyzing , synthesizing )

6.Ukrainian scientists work hard at виробництвом of synthetic polymers .

(production , foundation )

IV.Comprehension.

Exercise 11 . Answer the following questions:

1. What does life depend on? 2. Why does life depend upon organic polymers? 3. What is the list of materials needed for life? 4. What do organic polymers include? 5. What have modern methods of physical and chemical analyses uncovered? 6. What products appeared on the basis of the discovery of polymers? 7. What properties possess synthetic polymers? 8. Did people use natural polymers such as proteins, cellulose and others in ancient times? 9. When did the scientists begin thorough investigation of the materials such as wood, silk, starch and others? 10. What have they found out about poly­mers? 11. What are the molecules of polymers composed of?

V.Oral practice.

Exercise 12 . Prove : organic polymers are important for life .

Exercise 13 . Speak about :

1. Natural organic products.

2. Discoveries made by modern methods.

3. Synthetic polymers and their properties.

VI. Reading and comprehension.

Exercise 14. Read text B “ Some applications of a polymer.” without a dictionary for 4 min.

Text b.

Some Applications of a Polymer

In many cases the marketability of a polymer is due to the The­ologically complex behavior of the material. An example can be found in the compounding of materials for coating of surfaces. The non-newtonian behaviour of paints is an important factor in deter­mining the "brushability" of a paint. Interesting tests have been de­vised to measure this quality in the laboratory. One wishes to have a paint that will not show brush marks after drying; on the other hand, if the paint is too thin it will not adequately cover a surface. Similarly, the art of paper coating is highly dependent on the rheol-ogy of the coating material. In conventional coating applications the coating "colour", as it is called, is subjected to extreme variations of high and low shearing.

The petroleum industry uses large quantities of "drilling muds" to lubricate the drill bit and to carry rock chips out of the hole during drilling of oil wells. It is important to have muds which ex­hibit low viscosity under sharing but which are very thick at rest, thus preventing rapid settling of chips when the drilling unit is not in operation.

Further examples can be given almost without limit. We note that most foodstuffs are non-newtonian. This is important in respect both to food processing and to the preparation of acceptable natural food substitutes

Notes :

marketability - товарнiсть, придатнiсть

shear - вiдлущувати

"drilling muds" - бурильне змазувамння , мастило "brushability" - придатнiсть до роботи щiткою

to lubricate - змазувати

brush marks - мазки

drill bit - бурильне свердло

oil well – нафтова свердловина

rheology - реологiя

foodstuffs – харчовi продукти

conventional - звичайний

in respect to - вiдносно

Exercise 15.Say whether it is true or false . If false , say why .

1. If the paint is too thin it will adequately cover a surface.

2. The art of paper coating is dependent or the rheology of the coating material.

3. The petroleum industry uses small quantities of "drilling muds".

4. Muds should exhibit viscosity under shearing.

5. Most foodstuffs are non-newtonian in behaviour.

Exercise 16. Answer the following questions:

1. What does the marketability of a polymer depend on ?

2. What is an important factor in determining the “ brushability “ of a paint ?

3. What is “ colour “ coating subjected to ?

4. Why does petroleum industry use large quantities of “ drilling muds “

5. What is important to food processing ?

Exercise 17 . Read and translate the text C in a written form using the dictionary.