3. Read the text attentively & group the following words and word combinations into the following categories:

Hardware Software

CPU, VDU, programs, main memory, input device, printer, magnetic tape, magnetic disk, tape drive, disk drive, instruction, card reader

4. Match the following words with their description.

hardware software CPU input devices output devices

a set of instructions for the CPU devices used to provide data for the CPU devices which receive data from the CPU parts of hardware in which instructions are carried out and data is stored physical, electronic and electromechanical devices

5. Match the following words & word-combinations to receive a phrase. Translate it into Ukrainian.

to be made up of to carry out to store to hold to enter to be read by to input to receive to transmit to instruct to process to consist of

a) a processor b) hardware and software c) data d) card reader e) instructions f) output data g) printed output i) CPU j) a Central Processing Unit k) input devices l) output devices m) input data

6. Which of the following statements are true/false.

1. A system is a good mixture of parts working together.

2. Input and output devices operate more slowly than decision-making devices.

3. The “computer” is the “hardware”.

4. The processor is usually referred to as the CPU.

5. Peripherals fall into Input-Output Devices and mass storage devices.

Students’ individual work

Text 1. The development of computers

The first computers used thousands of separate electrical components connected together with wires. In the late 1940s, computers were made using vacuum tubes, resistors, and diodes. These computers were called first generation сomputers.

In 1956, transistors were invented. Transistors are made from materials called semiconductors. Computers using transistors were called second generation computers. Second generation computers were smaller than first generation computers. Second generation computers also used less electrical power. Both first and second generation computers were very expensive.

Computer components, (such as transistors, diodes, resistors) can now be made from semiconductor materials of different shapes. Nowadays, complete circuits can be made from a single piece of semiconductor, called a chip. Such circuits are called integrated circuits (IC’s). Computers using integrated circuits were first produced in the 1960s. They were known as third generation computers. Their integrated circuits had about 200 components on a single chip. Today, we can produce more than 100,000 components on a single chip. A chip can be as small as 0.5 cm square.

With the invention of chips, computer manufacture has become much simpler. The manufacturer does not have to connect thousands of components together. Most of the connections are made inside the chip. It is even possible to build a complete processor in a single chip. A processor on a single chip is called a microprocessor.