Exercise 6. Translate the text in written form.

Electrical, optical and morphological properties of chemically

deposited nanostructured tungsten disulfide thin films

In the past few years, studies of materials with layered structures such as transition metal dichalcogenides have received an ever increasing attention. This is mainly because of their interesting anisotropic behavior, great diversity in their other physical properties and their usefulness for various applications. Molybdenum and tungsten dichalcogenides constitute structurally and chemically a well-defined family of compounds. MoS2, MoSe2, WS2 and WSe2 appear to be very promising semiconducting materials for solar energy conversion . Among the transition dichalcogenides, the stability and non-toxicity of tungsten disulfide makes this layered semiconductor interesting as absorber material in photovoltaic energy conversion. Tungsten disulfide is a layered material consisting of stacked S-W-S slabs. The bonding between the hexagonally arranged sulfur and tungsten atoms in the slabs is very strong whereas the stacked S-W-S slabs are weakly connected by intermolecular of van der Waals forces. The binding energy between S-W-S slabs in c-direction is about 0.14 eV. These nanoparticles play a favorable role as solid lubricant under severe conditions where fluids are unable to support the heavy load. They are also used in scanning probe microscopy, heterogeneous catalysis and electrochemical hydrogen storage. WS2 can be synthesized from gas–solid or gas-phase reaction, pulsed layer deposition and self-transformation process . The properties of thin films and those of single crystal of a material are generally different from that of bulk materials. In thin film form they are strongly dependent on the preparatory techniques used. Hence, it is necessary to characterize the films before they are used in any device large area deposition of the thin films. The deposited film samples were characterized by various techniques such as X-ray diffraction, scanning electron microscopy and optical spectroscopy.

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