- •Рекомендовано Міністерством освіти і науки України' як навчальний посібник для студентів вищих навчальних закладів (лист №1.4/ 18-г-2865 від 24.12.2008р.)
- •Isbn 978-966-194-025-2
- •Isbn 978-966-194-025-2
- •Передмова
- •Бажаємо успіхів у навчанні! Part I petroleum and gas unit I
- •Section 1. Basic course Task 1. Oil (Petroleum). Origin and Natural Occurrence
- •Word usage and common errors.
- •Pore -
- •Convention - Environment -
- •Combustion — Aqua –
- •Organ -
- •Isbn 978-966-194-025-2 2
- •Check yourself!
- •Word usage and common errors.
- •Pronunciation practice.
- •Recognize the headword in the list of word-combina- tions and find the translation in your dictionary.
- •Give facts from the text to prove the following.
- •Recognize the necessary translation of the word according to the context. Find in the text more words which are identical in spelling but differ in basic meaning.
- •Fill in the gaps. Choose for each sentence one from the pair of words given below.
- •Make up sentences.
- •X. Word play. How many English words beginning from the proposed letter can you find in the text?
- •XI. Answer the questions.
- •Check yourself!
- •If you can translate these word-combinations your score is 24. Congratulations !
- •Task 3. Exploration and Drilling of Wells
- •Word usage and common errors.
- •Pronunciation practice.
- •Do you recognize the adjectives? Translate, please. May be you will find more of them in the text?
- •Match the definitions on the right with the words on the left.
- •Answer the questions.
- •Find in the text the following word-combinations. Do you remember their translation?
- •Join the beginning and the end of the sentences. Choose the right variant.
- •Choose the necessary word in italics.
- •Which word is different? Why?
- •It is interesting to know that...
- •Correct the computer translation of the text.
- •Reference
- •Check yourself!
- •If you can translate these word-combinations your score is 36. Congratulations!
- •Task 4. Composition of Oil
- •I. Word usage and common errors.
- •II. Pronunciation practice.
- •Read and translate the text. Make up the list of the words that can be joined under the headline “Oil and its com- position”.
- •Find the translation in the reference list. Recognize international words. One word translation is missed. Which one?
- •Recognize the headword in the list of word-combinations and find the translation in your dictionary.
- •Fill in the table.
- •Make up questions to the sentences.
- •Find in each sentence the word(s) which should not be there. How quickly can you find it?
- •X. Translate into English.
- •Check yourself!
- •If you can translate these word-combinations your total score is 48. Congratulations!
- •Task 5. Products of Oil Recycling
- •Word usage and common errors.
- •Pronunciation practice.
- •Do you recognize the international words? Translate, please. May be you will find more of them in the text?
- •Read and translate the text. Write a few lines saying what products of oil recycling are the most useful and why.
- •Fill in the missing letters and read the extract.
- •Gasoline || Vapors
- •Reformer
- •Naphtha
- •Medium Weight Gas Oil
- •Alkylation
- •Cracking
- •Heavy Gas Oil
- •Residuum
- •Distillation Tower
- •This simplified drawing shows many of a refinery's most important processes.
- •Industrial Fuel Asphalt Base
- •End Products
- •Check yourself!
- •Task 6. Transportation, Storage and Discharge of Oil Products
- •Word usage and common errors.
- •XIt is an interesting magazine with too many good ideas.
- •Y There are as many advantages as disadvantages.
- •X There are as much advantages as disadvantages.
- •Pronunciation practice.
- •Oil depot
- •Fill in the gaps. Choose from the words given below.
- •Join the parts of two sentences together and read the piece of information. Airports
- •Make the right choice: adjective or adverb?
- •Fill in the missing letters and read the extract. What is the meaning of the underlined words?
- •Make up questions to the answers.
- •Recognize the headword in the list of word-combina- tions and find the translation in your dictionary.
- •Are the following statements true or false? Correct the false ones and discuss your answers.
- •Check yourself!
- •Task 7. Oil Transport at Sea
- •Word usage and common errors.
- •Pronunciation practice. Read the words and underline the adverbs.
- •Make up word -combinations with the preposition of or using possesive case.
- •Seas/world - seas of the world
- •Match the beginning and the end of the sentences and read the extract.
- •. ..Draw the oil from the cargo tanks.
- •Fill in the gaps with the words given below.
- •Product tankers
- •From the list of possible cargoes choose and underline the possible cargo for product tanker.
- •Answer the questions.
- •Make up six sentences beginning with It is probable that... Or It is evident that...
- •Guess the words and make up the crossword.
- •Check yourself!
- •If you can translate these word-combinations your total score is 84. Congratulations!
- •Word usage and common errors.
- •Pronunciation practice.
- •Read and translate the text which is given in tables. Choose the title to each part of the table. Possible variants: Oil spills, Extraction, Global warming
- •True or false?
- •Fill in the gaps with the words given below.
- •Impacts on biota
- •Make up sentences and put them into negative form.
- •Put in the correct verb form.
- •Fill in the necessary (simple, comparative or super- lative) form of adjective or adverb.
- •Prepare the current paper or presentation illustrating oil pollution and its impact on environment. Possible topics for presentations:
- •Check yourself!
- •If you can translate these word-combinations your total score is 96. Congratulations!
- •Section 2. Additional reading
- •Oil Wells — Pages of History
- •Crude Oil Refinery
- •Ecological and Environmental Impacts Birds
- •Mammals
- •Air pollution
- •Carbon dioxide release
- •Oil spills
- •Arctic ecosystems
- •Offshore oil ,
- •Unit II
- •Section 1. Basic course
- •Task 1. Gas. History and Development
- •Word usage and common errors.
- •Pronunciation practice.
- •Isbn 978-966-194-025-2 2
- •Below you will find and extract and its computer translation. Try to make necessary corrections.
- •Word play.
- •Word usage and common errors.
- •Pronunciation practice.
- •Do you recognize the international words? Translate, please. May be, you will find more of them in the text?
- •Read and translate the text. Find in the text words closely related to the topic “Extracting natural gas from earth and sea”.
- •Guess the missing word and fill in the table.
- •Give the term for definition.
- •Isbn 978-966-194-025-2 2
- •What kind of information is this (scientific article, advertisement, extract from the lecture, newspaper article, etc.)? Recognize cardinal and ordinal numerals.
- •Make up sentences and speak about the types of oil and gas wells.
- •Double or single? Fill in the missing letters (if necessary) and read the extract.
- •X. Fill in the words given below and speak about the ways of gas wells classification. To classify, drilled (3), determined, used, characterized, known, reached, were, established, placed
- •XI. Categorize the active wells and fill in the table. Reference list: Gas producers, Water injectors, Aquifer producers, Gas injectors
- •XII. Dictate the text to your groupmate and correct mistakes together.
- •Check yourself!
- •If you can translate these word-combinations your total score is 120. Congratulations!
- •Task 3. Natural Gas Processing
- •Word usage and common errors.
- •Pronunciation practice.
- •Do you recognize the international words? Translate, please. May be you will find more of them in the text?
- •Read and translate the text.
- •Answer the questions.
- •Read formulae and find elements.
- •Find in the reference list the derivatives of the words.
- •Translate and recognize the headword or root of the word. Use the following word combinations in the sentences of your own.
- •Look through the stages of gas processing and answer the by-questions.
- •Describe the stages of raw gas processing in your report to the class. Check yourself!
- •If you can translate these word-combinations your total score is 132. Congratulations!
- •Task 4, Natural Gas Storage
- •Word usage and common errors.
- •Pronunciation practice.
- •Do you recognize the international words? Translate, please. May be you will find more of them in the text?
- •Define the meanings of the adjective with the nouns on the right. Translate the resulting combinations. Use them in the sentences of your own.
- •Guess the missed word, translate the extract, and ans- wer the question.
- •S or c? Fill in the missing letters, read the extract, and answer the question. Aquifer Re...Ervoir
- •Insert necessary prepositions or conjunctions, trans- late the extract, and answer the question. (To, of, unless, over, for, within, by, down, into, until, with) Salt Formation
- •Comment on the advantages of using lng facilities over underground storage. Use information given in the table below.
- •Put in the correct verb form.
- •Translate into English.
- •Analyse the ways of gas storage and prepare the in- class science fair report and presentation of your science project. Give an oral presentation on the content of your science project.
- •Check yourself!
- •If you can translate these word-combinations your total score is 144. Congratulations!
- •Word usage and common errors.
- •Pronunciation practice.
- •Do you recognize the international words? Translate, please. May be, you will find more of them in the text?
- •Read and translate the text.
- •Write the numbers in words.
- •Make up sentences putting the verb in a due form and fill in the table with usual pipeline quality standards.
- •Complete the sentences.
- •Isbn 978-966-194-025-2 2
- •Answer the questions.
- •Put in the missing words.
- •Check yourself!
- •If you can translate these word-combinations your total score is 156. Congratulations!
- •Task 6. Liquefied. Natural Gas
- •Word usage and common errors.
- •X The company provides a three months training course.
- •Pronunciation practice.
- •Do you recognize the international words? Translate, please. May be you will find more of them in the text?
- •Read and translate the text.
- •Give the definition to the following:
- •Define the meanings of the noun with the adjectives on the right. Translate the resulting combinations. Use them in the sentences of your own.
- •Answer the questions.
- •Fill in the missing letters, make up the question and answer it.
- •Write down the dictation and correct yourself. Write the numerals in words.
- •Choose the correct verb in each sentence.
- •Below you will find an extract and its computer trans- lation. Make all necessary corrections in the translation.
- •Check yourself!
- •If you can translate these word-combinations your total score is 168. Congratulations!
- •Word usage and common errors.
- •Pronunciation practice.
- •Do you recognize the international words? Translate, please. May be you will find more of them in the text?
- •Read and translate the text.
- •Which word is different? Why?
- •If you can translate these word-combinations your total score is 180. Congratulations!
- •Section 2. Additional reading How Do We Get Natural Gas
- •Description of a Natural Gas Processing Plant
- •Measures and Definitions
- •Depleted Gas Reservoir
- •Future of Storage Technology
- •Part II pipelines unit III
- •Section 1. Basic course Task 1. Piping. Pipeline Transport
- •Word usage and common errors.
- •Pronunciation practice.
- •Read the text.
- •Answer the questions.
- •True or false?
- •Isbn 978-966-194-025-2 2
- •Check yourself!
- •If you can translate these word-combinations your total score is 192. Congratulations!
- •I. Word usage and common errors.
- •P ronunciation practice.
- •Read the text and answer the questions at the beginning of the passages. Pipelines
- •Is it possible to construct the pipeline in Antarctica nowadays?
- •Make up and translate word — combinations choosing from the words given under the table.
- •Complete the sentences.
- •Isbn 978-966-194-025-2 2
- •Choose the necessary word and read the sentences.
- •Complete the sentences.
- •Learn the definition by heart.
- •What is a Pipeline?
- •If you can translate these word-combinations your total score is 204. Congratulations!
- •Task 3. What is the Difference between Oil and Gas Pipeline?
- •I. Word usage and common errors.
- •Pronunciation practice.
- •Read the text and underline the international words.
- •Make up word combinations.
- •Make up questions to the answers.
- •True or false?
- •Fill in the gaps and read the extract.
- •Complete the sentences using information in the right — hand column.
- •If you can translate these word-combinations your total score is 216. Congratulations!
- •Task 4. Pipeline Components
- •Word usage and common errors.
- •Pronunciation practice.
- •Read the text and underline the international words. Pipeline components
- •Find the meaning of the words in the right-hand co- lumn.
- •What element of the pipeline network is this? Guess, please.
- •Translate into Ukrainian and make the report on the topic. Pipeline Design
- •If you can translate these word-combinations your total score is 228. Congratulations!
- •Task 5. Pipelines Classification
- •Word usage and common errors.
- •Look through these descriptions and give the words they describe. Try to improve the incomplete descriptions.
- •Fill in prepositions and translate the sentences. Of, at, with, from, to, in, of, for, between
- •Газопроводи газорозподільної мережі бувають
- •Choose the correct word. In these sentences there are some words which you do not know. Guess what they mean and explain them to each other.
- •Read and translate the text; draw the table of oil pipe- lines classification.
- •Reproduce this piece of information filling in the right letter. Gas pipelines
- •Fill in the blanks with the necessary tense form. Don’t forget about Passive Voice. Offshore (submarine) pipelines
- •Isbn 978-966-194-025-2 2
- •Fill in the gaps with: to transport, be transported, transported. Pipelines for transporting other fluids
- •If you can translate these word-combinations your total score is 240.Congratulations!
- •Task 6. Pipeline Operation
- •Word usage and common errors.
- •Pronunciation practice.
- •Translate the international words and find more of them in the text.
- •Read and translate the text. Underline adjectives and adverbs in the text.
- •Find the meaning of the word and the antonym (if any) in the right — hand columns.
- •Fill in the gaps with the verbs in the necessary tense form. To perform, to send, to direct, to shut, to need, to operate, to monitor
- •Answer the questions.
- •Make up sentences from the given words.
- •Study the picture and read the sentences in the right order.
- •Study the material and prepare the report. Business of Pipelines
- •How Do Oil, Natural Gas and Products Move Through a Pipeline?
- •How Are Pipelines Operated?
- •How Are Pipelines Monitored?
- •If you can translate these word-combinations your total score is 252. Congratulations!
- •Task 7. Leak Detection Systems
- •Word usage and common errors,
- •Pronunciation practice.
- •True or false?
- •Make up the titles of the scientific articles.
- •Single or double? Fill in the missing letter if necessary.
- •Task 8. Safety. Ecological and Environmental Impact
- •Word usage and common errors
- •Pronunciation practice. Read and translate the words.
- •Read and translate the text. Find in the text and discuss the leading causes of pipeline failures. Safety
- •Fill in the table using the list.
- •Find the word in the list of letters and complete the word combination.
- •Answer the questions.
- •Complete the sentences.
- •Isbn 978-966-194-025-2 2
- •Translate into English.
- •If you can translate these word-combinations your total score is 276. Congratulations! You have finished the basic course.
- •Section 2. Additional reading
- •Oil Pipelines
- •Water and Sewer Lines
- •Pneumatic Pipelines
- •Capsule Pipelines
- •Permafrost
- •Activities
- •Post-construction Activities
- •Installing valves and fittings
- •Post-construction
- •Pipeline Technology
- •Glossary
- •Exploration
- •Production
- •Measures
- •Environment
- •Pipelines
- •Appendix Scientific Research and Business Proceedings
- •Academic Conference
- •2. Congress at a Glance
- •I. Choose the conference or workshop you want to attend.
- •What message is this? Read and guess.
- •For those who need an invitation letter, send an e-mail to registernow@conferencemanagers.Com with the following information, in English, by February 6. 2010:
- •Fill in the registration form.
- •Imagine that you are one of the participants of the congress (conference). Speak about yourself in more details (age, place of birth, family, scientific interests, place of work, etc.).
- •Read the announcement.
- •Be acquainted with the sightseeing program for you and accompanying person. Special Sightseeing Program (Social events)
- •Study the topical words. Recreational activities
- •Arrival and departure
- •Translate the sentences.
- •Fill in the hotel reservation form.
- •Translate the announcements.
- •Find in the Internet the official blank of invitation. On behalf of the congress committee invite your group mates to take part in the congress (conference) using e-mail.
- •Types of Scientific Publications
- •Understanding and Using the Scientific Method
- •Scientific Journal
- •Types of articles
- •Electronic publishing
- •Forms of Academic Teaching
- •Etymology
- •Іменник (The Noun)
- •Число (Number)
- •Запозичені форми множини іменників
- •Вживання іменника у функції означення
- •Прикметник (The Adjective)
- •Прикметники, які утворюють ступені порівняння не за загальним правилом
- •Прислівник (The Adverb)
- •Займенник (The Pronoun) Особові займенники (Personal Pronouns)
- •Неозначені займенники (Indefinite Pronouns) Займенники some, any. No. Every і їх похідні
- •Числівник (The Numeral)
- •Дієслово (The Verb) Дієслово в особовій формі має граматичні форми часу (tense) стану ( voice) і способу (mood ). Часи групи Simple (Simple Tenses)
- •Часи групи Progressive (Progressive Tenses)
- •Часи групи Perfect (Perfect Tenses)
- •Дієслова to be, to have, to do та їх функції The verb to be
- •The verb to do
- •The verb to have
- •(Conditionals)
- •Неособові форми дієслова (Verbals) Інфінітив (The Infinitive)
- •Дієприкметник (The Participle)
- •Прийменники (Prepositions)
- •Сурядні сполучники
- •2. Підрядні сполучники
- •Прості - design (конструювання, проект), circuit (ланцюг), voltage (напруга).
- •Складні - flywheel (маховик), fail-safe (надійний, безпечний).
- •Терміни-словосполучення - electric motor (двигун), hydraulic hammer (гідравлічний молот).
- •Resistivity Microheterogeneity Measuring Unit - установка для вимірювання мікронеоднорідностей питомого опору;
- •The measuring unit incorporates a transistorized current generator. - у вимірювальному блоці розташований генератор струму, зібраний на напівпровідниках;
- •Standard Abbreviations for Units - стандартні скорочення одиниць вимірювання.
- •Буквенні, наприклад: d.C. (постійний струм), e.M.F. (електрорушійна сила)
- •Усічені слова - amp. (ampere); ‘copter (helicopter - гелікоптер)
- •Змішані скорочення, що складаються з букв, складів, цифр
- •Measures, Weights and Parameters
- •Avoirdupois Weight — Андійська система
- •Troy Weight - Тройська система
- •Apothecaries’ Weight — Аптекарські ваги
- •Linear Measurements — Лінійні міри
- •Square Measurements — Міри площини
- •Cubic Measurements — Міри Об’єму
- •Surveyor’s Measurements — Топографічні міри
- •Nautical Measurements — Морські виміри
- •Apothecaries’ Fluid Measurement – Аптекарські міри рідин
- •Circular or Angular Measurements — Виміри кута і кола
- •Btu Content of Common Energy Units
- •Vocabulary Unit I
- •References
- •Contents
- •Contents
- •Isbn 978-966-194-025-2 2
- •Isbn 978-966-194-025-2 2
- •Isbn 978-966-194-025-2 2
- •I.A.Vereitina
- •04071, М. Київ, вул. Олегівська, 36, оф. 310 Свідоцтво про реєстрацію №1289 від 20.03.2003 Тел. 463-64-06, тел./факс 462-48-63 e-mail: vd_slovo@ukr.Net
Дієслова to be, to have, to do та їх функції The verb to be
Функція |
Приклади |
б) пасивного стану (to be + Participle II)
|
I am a student. We are reading now. I was invited to the Conference. I was to make a report. |
The verb to do
Функція |
Приклади |
|
We do a lot of exersices. Where does he study? We didn’t finish our work. |
The verb to have
Функція |
Приклади |
|
I have a computer at home. I have received an interesting letter yesterday. We have to repeat the experiment. |
Скорочені форми допоміжних дієслів (Auxiliary Verbs and their Short Forms)
Strong and weak forms. Many common words, like am, are, have, etc. can be pronounced in more than one way. (‘m, ‘ve, ‘re). But when they are used at the end of a sentence, or
when they are stressed, we use the strong form. Contractions are not appropriate to very formal style. Do not use them in official documents or in letters that are headed with a formal greeting such as Dear Sir or Madam.
In spoken English, we usually pronounce “I am” as one word.
The short form (I'm) is a way of writing this:
I am = I’m - I’m Nina Lvova,
it is — it’s - “What is a gas field?”
“Oh, it’s a field containing natural gas, not oil...” they have = they’ve - “Where are our system
operators?” “They’ve gone to the conference.”
When we write short forms, we use’ (an apostrophe):
I am = I’m he is = he’s you have = you’ve she will = she’ll
We use these short forms with I/he/she, etc.:
am = ’m |
I’m |
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is = ’s |
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he’s |
she’s |
it’s |
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are = ’re |
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we’re |
you’re |
they’re |
have = ’ve |
I’ve |
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we’ve |
you’ve |
they’ve |
has = ’s |
|
he’s |
she’s |
it’s |
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|
had =’d |
I’d |
he’d |
she’d |
|
we’d |
you’d |
they’d |
will =’ll |
I’ll |
he’ll |
she’ll |
it’ll |
we’ll |
you’ll |
they’ll |
would = ’d |
I’d |
he’d |
she’d |
|
we’d |
you’d |
they’d |
I’ve got good memory.
We’ll probably inspect the well this evening.
It’s 10 o’clock.
They’re referred to as paraffin hydro-carbons.
’s — is or has:
She’s going to the control center this morning (she’s going = she is going)
She’s gone out. (she’s gone = she has gone)
’d = would or had:
-A: What would you like to drink?
B: I’d like a cup of coffee, please. (I’d like = I would like) -1 told police that I’d lost my luggage. (I’d lost = I had lost) Do not use short forms if the verb is at the end of the sentence:
“Are you hungry?” “Yes, I am” (not “Yes, I’m”).
We use short forms with I/you/he/she/it, etc.
But we use short forms (especcilly -’s) with other words too: - Who’s your favorite writer? (= who is)
What’s the time? (= what is)
There’s a big tree in the garden. (= there is)
My sister’s working in Australia. (= my sister is
working)
What color’s this pipe? (= What color is
this pipe?) Модальні дієслова та їж еквіваленти (Modal Verbs and their Equivalents)
Can May
Дієслово |
Present |
Past |
Future |
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саn |
саn |
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could |
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to bе (un)аblе |
am |
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was |
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(to) |
is |
able (to) |
|
able (to) |
|
able (to) |
|
виражає |
are |
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were |
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will |
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реальну |
I can skate. |
I could skate. (I was able to |
I will be able to |
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можливість, |
(I am able to |
skate). - Я міг (був в |
skate. |
-Я зможу |
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фізичну або |
skate). - Я |
змозі, умів) кататися на |
(буду в змозі; |
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розумову |
можу (в змозі, |
ковзанах. |
зумію) кататися |
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здатність. |
умію) кататися |
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на ковзанах. |
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на ковзанах. |
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may |
mау |
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might (вживається в |
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to be allowed |
am |
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непрямій мові) |
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be |
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(to) |
is |
allowed |
was |
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allowed(to) |
виражає |
(to) |
|
|
allowed (to) |
will |
|
допущення |
are |
|
were |
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You will be |
|
можливості |
You may go |
Не said I might go home. - |
allowed to go |
|||
дозвіл зробити |
home now. - |
Він сказав, що я можу |
home. - Ви |
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дію. |
Ви можете |
піти додому. |
зможете йти |
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тепер піти |
I was allowed to go home. - |
додому (вам |
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додому. |
Мені дозволили йти |
дозволять). |
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додому. |
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Must
Дієслово |
Present |
Past |
Future |
3 перфектною формою інфінітива |
must повинен |
must I must do it now.-Я повинен це зробити зараз. Musty негативній формі часто перекладається як не можна. You must not do it - Вам не можна цього робити. |
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to have (to) виражає вимушену необхідність внаслідок обставин, що склалися |
have to has I have to do it now. - Мені потрібно (доведеться) зробити це зараз. |
had to I had to go there. - Я повинен був піти туди(мені довелося, треба було). |
have to will You will have to go there. |
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ought (to) виражає моральний борг, що відповідає загальноприйнятим поглядам
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ought (to) We ought to help her. - Ми повинні(нам слід) їй допомогти. |
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Означає дію, яка була потрібна і, здавалося б, повинна була відбу- тися, але не відбулася. You ought to have done it yester- day. -Ви по- винні були зробити це вчора (а ви не зробили) |
should виражає необхідність як щось потрібне, а також як чия— небудь суб'єктивна думка або рада |
should You should not go there. - Ви не повинні (вам не слід) йти туди. |
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You should have helped him. - Вам слід було б(ви повинні були б) допомогти йому. |
need зазвичай вживається із запереченням і виражає відсутність необхідності, недоцільність |
need You needn’t hurry. - Вам не треба поспішати. |
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позначає дію, в здійсненні якого не було необхідності, потреби. You ne- edn’t have done it. - Вам не потрібно було(не було необхідності) робити це. |
to be (to) виражає необхідність, передбачену планом, домовленістю |
am is (to) are I am to go there.-Мені належить поїхати туди. The meeting is to begin at 6. - Збори повинні початися о 6 годині. |
was (to) were |
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Означає дію, яка повинна була здійснитися, але насправді не мала місця. They were to have met.-Вони повинні були зустрітися. |
Таблиця використання дієслівних форм в умовних реченнях