Reference
Types of Wells
Wildcat - A well drilled far from known production in a setting which has no conventional prospectivity.
Exploratory - A well drilled outside the boundaries of a known reservoir.
Development - A well drilled within the boundaries of a known producing reservoir to increase the production in the field.
Offset Well - This is a type of development well that is drilled near a well that is producing or had previously been productive.
Check yourself!
If you can translate these word-combinations your score is 36. Congratulations!
Petroleum origin |
|
Subsurface rock formations |
|
Oil field percentage |
|
Exploratory oil well (wild cat) |
|
|
Underground petroleum extraction |
|
|
Air pocket |
|
|
Oil platform (oil rig) |
|
|
Ocean floor (ocean bed) |
|
|
High drilling equipment storage capacity |
|
|
World part |
|
|
Brim evaporation |
|
|
Entire oil amount |
|
|
Task 4. Composition of Oil
I. Word usage and common errors.
a) Do not use at to introduce a time expression with ago.
Y
The accident happened ten years ago.
X The accident happened at ten years ago.
b) When talking about how long something lasts or continues, use for, not in.
Y For the first few days the radio worked very well.
X In the first few days the radio worked very well.
II. Pronunciation practice.
Hydrocarbon molecules, sodium chloride, vanadium and nickel, sulfur-, oxygen-, and nitrogen-containing compounds, hydrogen sulfide gas, gasoline, naphthenic, benzene ring, carcinogenic, aliphatic and alicyclic compounds, polycyclic
aromatics, fractional distillation, yields of gasoline, catalyst, synthetic clay.
Read and translate the text. Make up the list of the words that can be joined under the headline “Oil and its com- position”.
Composition of oil
Crude oil is one of the most complex of natural substances on the Earth, Basically, oil is made up of hydrocarbon molecules (constituted of hydrogen and carbon), but small amounts of sulfur-, oxygen-, and nitrogen-containing compounds also are present. Sulfur, hydrogen sulfide gas, and organic sulfur compounds are usually present and represent between 0,1 and 5% of the total weight* Excess sulfur must be removed from crude oil. The heavier the crude oil, the higher the sulfur content. Sodium chloride and heavy metals such as vanadium and nickel also occur in crude oil.
Crude oil contains four principal types of hydrocarbons: Aliphatic compounds are straight- and branched-chain molecules in which each carbon atom is linked to four other atoms ^ the so-called saturated molecules. These compounds often make up the bulk of crude oil and are common in gasoline and other fuels. They are also referred to as paraffin hydrocarbons. Alicyelic compounds are also saturated molecules, but some of the molecules join together in closed rings. Aromatic compounds are unsaturated, closed-ring molecules. They cdntain the so-called benzene ring and include many one-, two-, or multi-ring compounds. These compounds are often carcinogenic. Olefinic compounds are unsaturated hydrocarbon molecules in which double or triple chemical bonds are formed between carbon atoms; however, they are not of the benzene- ring type. Olefins do not occur in crude oil but are formed during the refining process and occur in many oil products.
The physical properties of crude oil are often described in terms of the boiling points of the hydrocarbon compounds
within it. The boiling points may range from below room tem- perature to over 500°C. The compounds with the lowest boiling points are the simpler ring- and chain-type, saturated hydro- carbons-the aliphatic and alicyclic compounds. Intermediate fractions are represented by the toxic aromatic compounds, and the higher boiling point compounds include the complex polycyclic aromatics that are carcinogens.
Various hydrocarbon products are obtained from crude oil by fractional distillation. The products distilling in diffe- rent temperature ranges are collected separately. For example, the product that distills below 200°C is known as naphtha (укр. лігроїн); that distilling between 200 and 300° C is a refined-oil distillate containing kerosene; next is an oil used in some engines and referred to as gas oil; and at higher temperatures one gets lubricating oil, residual fuel oil, asphalt, and paraffin. The naphthas are used for making gasoline, a product derived by further refining. The naphthas are broken down into lighter and simpler molecules by a process of distillation (boiling at high pressure and temperature) known as cracking. Increased yields of gasoline are accomplished by the use of a catalyst, usually a synthetic clay, and by distillation at low pressure.