Isbn 978-966-194-025-2 2

Передмова 3

Part I 4

Must 272

2. Підрядні сполучники 277

б) причини: 278

в) умови: 278

г) цілі: 278

д) способу дії: 278

е) порівняльні: 279

1. Oil is__________________________________________

6. There are many___________

7. The burning of oil produces______________________.

8. Oil spills are___________________________________.

9. True or false?

1. During the past 500 million years incompletely decayed plant and animal remains have become buried under thick layers of rock.

2. It is believed that petroleum consists of the remains of these organisms but it is the small microscopic plankton organism remains that are largely responsible for the rela­tively high organic carbon content of fine-grained sediments.

9. Which word is different? Why?

1. stay, remain, believe, wait, abide;

2. carry, bear, convey, care, transport, transmit;

3. enormous, immense, huge, quick, vast, giant, gigantic, titanic.

Check yourself!

If you can translate these word-combinations your score is 12. Congratulations!

Fossil fuel
Liquid materials
Coral reef
Supply source
World energy demand
Microscopic plankton organism remains
High organic carbon content
Continent edges
World oil reserves
Porous underlying rock
Combustible hydrocarbons
Sulfur dioxide

Task 2. History and Development of Petroleum

Oil was formed from the remains of animals and plants that lived millions of years ago in a marine (water) environment before the dinosaurs. Over the years; the remains were covered by layers of mud. Heat and pressure from these layers helped the remains turn into what we today call crude oil. The word “petroleum» means “rock oil” or “oil from the earth”.

1. Word usage and common errors.

1. At - Use on (not at) before dates.

Y I bought the tape recorder just a week ago, on 4th December.

X I bought the tape recorder just a week ago, at 4^th December.

2. Historic — very important in history, having a long his­tory. But: a history museum, a history book, a history lesson.

Y If you have nothing to do, why don’t you visit history museum?

X If you have nothing to do, why don’t you visit historic museum?

2. Pronunciation practice.

Walls, hulls, according, scoop, small, drill, Pennsylvania, pioneer, following, offshore, well, upper, pitch, spring, im­prove, pollution, weapon, employ, tributary, quantity, mature, available, lubrication, fuel, dyes, drugs, spill.

3. How do we usually translate the following word-com- binations? May be, you will find more of them in the text?

World history, boat hulls, fire weapon, oil pits, pitch spring, society level, petroleum lamp, rock oil, rock oil mine, oil pioneer, kerosene lamp, oil field, air pollution.

4. Study the types of articles from the learning material in Appendix, choose one and be ready with your article (let­ter, research notes, etc.). Use information given in the text.

Petroleum is not a substance new in the world history. It was used in mortar, for coating walls and boat hulls, and as a

fire weapon in defensive warfare. More than four thousand years ago, according to Herodotus, onfirmed by Diodorus Siculus, asphalt was employed in the construction of the walls and towers of Babylon; there were oil pits near Ardericca (near Babylon), and a pitch spring on Zacynthus. Great quantities of it were found on the banks of the river Issus, one of the tributaries of the Euphrates. Ancient Persian tablets indicate the medicinal and lighting uses of petroleum in the upper levels of their society.

Native Americans used it in magic and medicine and in making paints. Pioneers bought it from the Native Americans for medicinal use and called it Seneca oil and Genesee oil. In Europe it was scooped from streams or holes in the ground, and in the early 19th century small quantities were mined from shale. In 1815 several streets in Prague were lighted with petroleum lamps.

T

I .Lukashevich

he modern history of petroleum began in 1846 with the discovery of the process of refining kerosene from coal by Nova Scotian Abraham Pineo Gesner.

Ignaciy Lukashevich improved Gesner’s method to develop some means of refining kerosene from the more readily available “rock oil” (“petroleum”) seeps in 1852, and the first rock oil mine was built in Bybrka, near Krosno in Galicia in the following year. In 1859, the American oil pioneer E.L.Drake drilled a producing well on Oil Creek in Pennsylvania at a place that later became Titusville. Many wells were drilled in the region. Kerosene was the chief finished product, and kerosene lamps soon replaced whale oil lamps and candles in general use.

Little use other than as lamp fuel was made of petroleum until the development of the gasoline engine and its applica­tion to automobiles, trucks, tractors, and airplanes. These dis­coveries rapidly spread around the world, and Meerzoeff built the first refinery in the mature oil fields at Baku in 1861. At that time Baku produced about 90% of the world’s oil. Today the world is heavily dependent on petroleum for motive power, lubrication, fuel, dyes, drugs, and many synthetics. The wi­despread use of petroleum has created serious environmental problems. The great quantities that are burned as fuels gene­rate most of the air pollution in industrialized countries, and oil spilled from tankers and offshore wells has polluted oceans and coastlines.