1. Word usage and common errors.

1. A solution to a problem, not for

Y It’s more and more spoken to be solution to the problems connected with poor air quality.

X It’s more and more spoken to be solution for the problems connected with poor air quality.

2. Subject is not followed by about.

S The subject of my thesis is transportation of natural gas.

X The subject of my thesis is about transportation of natural gas.

Attention! Words with the sound [ai], may be spelt e-, like eye, or ai-, like aisle.

Words with the sound [g], may be spelt g- , like general.

Gesture, gerund, geometry, geography, genetics, allegiance, generator, generate, generally, generous, giant, eyelet-hole, eyewitness, eyre, eyas.

2. Pronunciation practice.

Convenient, atmosphere, extract, obvious, shrink, pull, pressure, surface, create, liquid, gas flow, staff, pocket, associate, exist, raw, methane deposits.

3. Do you recognize the international words? Translate, please. May be, you will find more of them in the text?

Transport, ideal, climate, problem, actual, technology, emis­sion, system, type...

4. Read and translate the text. Find in the text words closely related to the topic “Extracting natural gas from earth and sea”.

In many cases, natural gas is an ideal fossil fuel because it is pretty clean, simple for transport and convenient for use. It is cleaner than oil and coal, so it is more and more spoken to be solution to and actual climate changes. Opposed to oil and coal, natural gas has bigger proportion hydrogen/carbon and has the smaller emission of the carbon dioxide to an atmos­phere for the same amount of energy. When extracting natural gas, limits of today’s technologies are still very obvious. Natural gas isn’t located only in pockets, but is also in many cases resided with oil. Often, both oil and natural gas are pulled off from the same well. Like in a process of an oil produc­tion, part of natural gas comes independently on surface be­cause of the big pressure in deepness. These types of gas wells are demanding only pipe system called “Christmas tree” for controlling the gas flow. Number of these wells is shrinking, because majority of this “cheap” gas is already pulled out. Because of this it’s almost always necessary to use some sort of pumping from underground. Most often form of pump is “horse head” which rises and lowers staff in well and out of it, bringing natural gas and oil on the surface. Flow of the gas can be often improved in a process of creating small leaks in rocks, which have function as tracks for gas flow. Under the high pressure some liquid (for instance water) is pumped in the rock, and that liquid then breaks the rock.

5. Guess the missing word and fill in the table.

Types of raw natural gas

Raw natural gas comes primarily from any one of three

types of : crude oil , gas , and

condensate .

Natural gas that comes from crude oil is

typically termed associated gas. This gas can exist separate from the crude oil in the underground formation, or dissolved in the crude oil.

Natural gas from gas and from condensate

, in which there is little or no crude oil, is termed

non-associated gas. Gas typically produce only raw

natural gas, while condensate produce raw na­

tural gas along with a very low density liquid hydrocarbon called natural gas condensate (sometimes also called natural gasoline or simply condensate).

Raw natural gas can also come from methane deposits in the pores of coal seams. Such gas is referred to as coalbed gas and it is also called sweet gas because it is relatively free of hydrogen sulfide.