Бажаємо успіхів у навчанні! Part I petroleum and gas unit I

Oil exporting countries have formed their Association short- ly called OPEC (Organization of the Petroleum Exporting Countries) which controls price and quantity of the oil that is yet to be produced. These countries are: Algeria, Indonesia, Iran, Iraq, Kuwait, Libya, Nigeria, Qatar, Saudi Arabia, Uni­ted Arabian Emirates and Venezuela. Since the oil exporting is the primary economic sector of these countries, there’s the minimum of two meetings per year. The purpose of these me­etings is to determine the optimum amount of oil production. Ele­ven members of OPEC are producing about 40% of the world’s total oil production, having three quarters of totally confirmed world’s reserves.

Section 1. Basic course Task 1. Oil (Petroleum). Origin and Natural Occurrence

Petroleum - oily, flammable liquid that occurs naturally in deposits, usually beneath the surface of the earth; it is also called crude oil. It consists principally of a mixture of hydrocarbons, with traces of various nitrogenous and sulfurous compounds.

From: The Columbia encyclopedia, Sixth Edition Date: 2008

1. Word usage and common errors.

1. At - Use in (not at) before the names of countries, regions, cities, and large towns.

Y It was almost midnight when he landed in France.

X It was almost midnight when he landed at France.

Y At last I can study English in London.

X At last I can study English at London.

2. At - Use in (not at) with seasons, months, and years: “in the summertime”, “in February”, “in 1985”.

Y In Ukraine we have a lot of snow in wintertime.

X In Ukraine we have a lot of snow at wintertime.

2. Pronunciation practice.

Fossil, combustible, shallow, accumulated, enormous, na­tural, serious, environmental, conventional, gaseous, source, troublesome, nutrient-rich, edge, demand, destroy, mine, lead,

3. Will you recognize the international words? Put them into alphabetic order and translate. May be, you will find more of them in the text?

Reserves, optimistic, material, barrel, accumulate, deposit, million,theory, peak, continent, aquatic, organism, hydrocarbons, project«,

4. Word — formation. Make adjectives from the nouns.

Substance - Energy -

5. Y

   Pore -

   Convention - Environment -

   Combustion — Aqua –

   Organ -

   ou are going to read the text about the origin and natural occurrence of oil (petroleum). Read the text quickly and divide it into 4 paragraphs. What is the purpose of each paragraph?

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il (petroleum) is a fossil fuel that, like coal, is a sub- stance transformed from dead organisms into combustible hydrocarbons during millions of years under heat and pres­sure. The source of most pet­roleum is aquatic organisms (algae and plankton) that settled to the bottom of the shallow, nutrient-rich seas around the edges of continents. Many of these organic deposits are 500 million years old.

Since their deposition, they have been overlaid by layer after layer of accumulated sediments. These sediments subjected the organic deposits to enormous pressure and heat. As these organic substances decomposed and formed various hydrocarbons, the lighter gaseous and lighter liquid materials migrated toward the surface where natural traps, such as shale, kept the oil and gas within the more porous underlying rocks. The most common porous rock is limestone, which was formed by coral reefs on the ocean floor. Among the leading producers of petroleum are Saudi Arabia, Russia, the United States, Iran, China, Norway, Mexico, Venezuela, Iraq, Great Britain, the United Arab Emirates, Nigeria, and Kuwait. The largest known reserves are in the Middle East. Oil is expected to remain the largest single source of supply for meeting the world energy demand over the

period extending from now to the year 2020. Availability will depend on new discoveries. World reserves of conventional oil are estimated to be between 1.45 and 2.12 trillion barrels^

Oil is easily mined, transported, stored, and controlled. Once burned, it is gone. There is generally a short supply in the world; and there are many environmental dangers associated with its production and use. Oil burning produces carbon dioxide, carbon monoxide, nitrogen oxides* sulfur dioxide, particulates, and aldehydes. Oil spills, although serious on land, are particularly troublesome on seas, lakes, and rivers.

6. Recognize the headword in the list of word-combi- nations and find the translation in your dictionary.

1. Oilfield, oilman, oil rig, oil tank, oil tanker, oil well, oil spill, strike oil, fuel oil, oil-bearing, oilcan, oil colour (paint), oil-fired central heating, oil lamp, mineral oil, cod-liver oil* engine oil, oil cloth, oil resistant, oil slick, oiliness.

2. Carbon dioxide, carbon monoxide, nitrogen oxides, sul­fur dioxide.

3. Limestone, quicklime, limewater, lime-kiln, limelight.

7. Put the words in the right order. Write down the sentences with the beginning “It is believed that...”

1. is/a substance/Oil/transformed/from/dead organisms

2