9. Guess the words and make up the crossword.

1. This country has over 200,000 miles of them to move petroleum from one place to another.

2. The tools and pipes used to drill oil are kept in it.

3. This is where petroleum products such as gasoline, are made from crude oil.

4. Oil companies are drilling them to find underground petroleum.

5. In the Gulf of Mexico they are used to pump oil.

6. After oil reservoirs are found, it has to be pumped out of the ground.

7. They lived millions of years ago. Petroleum is formed from the remains of them.

8. We use this petroleum product to fuel our automobiles.

9. We use this petroleum product to fly airplanes.

Check yourself!

If you can translate these word-combinations your total score is 84. Congratulations!

Oil spill source
Tanker size
Оil company
Unloading procedure
Tanker operation
Tanker accident
Petroleum amount
Shipping oil cost
Product tanker
Pumproom
Dead organisms remains jf |
Cargo discharge

Task 8. Ecological and Environmental Impacts

1. Word usage and common errors.

1. As a subject either and neither are correctly followed by a singular verb or pronoun. There is nothing wrong with using either or neither as adjectives for more than two. When they are used as pronouns, they are replaced by any and none for more than two.

Y Come on either on Friday, Saturday, or Sunday.

X Either/neither of the twins; any/none of the triplets.

2. Certainly goes immediately after the first auxiliary verb. Where there is no auxiliary verb, certainly is placed immedia­tely before the main verb.

Y I will certainly try harder the next time.

X I certainly will try harder the next time.

2. Pronunciation practice.

Exploring, drilling, seismic, sensing, double-lining, hunting, coating, poisoning, blending, drinking, refining, creature, disturb, extraction, significant, generation, per joule, nautical, depending.

3. Read and translate the text which is given in tables. Choose the title to each part of the table. Possible variants: Oil spills, Extraction, Global warming

The presence of oil has significant social and environmental impacts, from accidents and routine activities such as seismic exploration, drilling, and generation of polluting wastes not produced by other alternative energies.

1.
Against	For
Oil extraction is costly and sometimes environmentally damaging. Offshore exploration and extraction of oil disturbs the surrounding marine environment. Extraction may involve dredging, which stirs up the seabed, killing the sea plants that marine creatures need to survive.	But at the same time, offshore oil platforms also form micro-habitats for marine creatures.

2.
Against	Against
Oil spills at sea are generally much more damaging than those on land, since they can spread for hundreds of nautical miles in a thin oil slick which can cover beaches with a thin coating of oil.	Crude oil and refined fuel spills from tanker ship accidents damage natural ecosystems. Oil spills can contaminate soils and wash into streams and rivers.
Control of oil spills is difficult, requires ad hoc methods, and often a large amount of manpower.	Coating of oil can kill sea birds, mammals, shellfish and other organisms it coats.
3.
Against	For
Burning oil releases carbon dioxide (CO2) into the atmosphere, which is generally acknowledged as contributing to global warning.	Per joule, oil produces 15% less CO2 than coal.
The unique role of oil as the main source of transportation fuel makes reducing its CO2 emissions a difficult problem.	Large power plants can, in theory, eliminate their CO2 emissions by techniques such as carbon sequestering or even use them to increase oil production.