Results and discussion

Based on the hydrochemical analysis, all surveyed ponds on the degree of mineralization can be attributed to fresh : little mineralized (ponds Lesnoy , Southern, Round Lake) and medium mineralized (duck pond, lake Alebashevo, Obrochnoe), increased salinity of the water was crystal springs pond. Exceeding the maximum permissible concentration (MPC) of the nutrient found in ponds crystal springs (ammonia nitrogen of 10.5 times, 5.6 times phosphates), Lesnoy (ammonia nitrogen 1.1 times), Duck (ammonium nitrogen by 2.1 times, 1.5 times nitrite), Lake Obrochnoe (ammonia nitrogen by 2.1 times, 5.5 times nitrites, phosphates 2.9 times) Round (4 times nitrites, phosphates 1.8 times), Alebashevo (phosphates 2.1 times ). According to the content of organic matter in the lake waters are allocated Obrochnoe (figure five-day biological oxygen demand (BOD₅) exceeds the MPC 2.7 times), Alebashevo (BOD₅ exceeds the MPC is 1.8 times) , pond Crystal springs (BOD₅ exceeds the MPC of 1.8 times). Oil content exceeds the MPC in ponds crystal springs (3.6-fold), Duck (1.6-fold), and lakes Alebashevo Obrochnoe (1.2 times). The analysis allowed to calculate an index of water pollution (WPI [5]) and build number in order of decreasing water pollution, based on the WPI index : Crystal Pond springs, lakes Obrochnoe, Alebashevo, Round, Lesnoy ponds, Duck and Southern.

After analyzing 10 hydrochemical parameters ammonia nitrogen, nitrate nitrogen, nitrite nitrogen, phosphates, BOD₅, calcium , suspended solids , Na + K, the amount of ions , petroleum products, which exceeded the MPC (Table 1). Combined ratio was calculated chemical pollution (icp₁₀ [6]), which allowed us to construct a series of descending order of water pollution: Crystal Pon Алебашево d springs, lakes Obrochnoe, Alebashevo, Round, Lesnoy ponds, Duck and Southern. According to the results of the calculation of water pollution can be identified most dirty ponds - pond Crystal springs, lakes Obrochnoe, Alebashevo, Round, Lesnoy and duck ponds.

Table 1 – Classification study the level of pollution of water bodies

Bodies	icp10	WPI
lake Alebashevo	6.7	contaminated
Round lake	6.3	dirty
lake Obrochnoe	6.4	contaminated
Crystal springs pond	7.2	dirty
pond Lesnoy	6.3	contaminated
Duck pond	6.1	contaminated
South pond	6.1	dirty

Note: icp₁₀ – summary indicator of chemical pollution (10 indicators); WPI index of water pollution (6 indicators).

The cleanest in the hydrochemical against South Pond was identified. In hydrochemical water samples from this reservoir marked low concentrations of nutrients, organic content and suspended solids, oil, which was taken as an object of comparison (control pond).

Source of contamination for all studied ponds is road transport - the source of harmful substances, except Round Lake, where traffic density is low. Highest traffic observed on the streets Alebashevskaya, 50 years of the Komsomol and Dambovskaya Alebashevo near the lake, ponds and Duck Crystal springs, lake Obrochnoe respectively. Just holds rail (Crystal springs and ponds Duck) and ship transport (Round Lake).

Industrial stationary sources of pollution are CHP-1, which is located near the lake Obrochnoe (acts as a cooling pond is subject to loss of air emissions) and CHP-2, which is located near the pond Lesnoy - flooded pit (subject to the ingress of atmospheric emissions). All wastewater ponds misses with coastal zone formed by melt water and precipitation. In Lake Alebashevo [7, 8] fall sewage wastewater (volumes are not known). All reservoirs are used for recreational purposes and fisheries operate functions except pond crystal springs. South Pond is located in the yard area is sanitized and recreational area around the perimeter.

Crystal springs on the ponds, and Duck Lake Obrochnoe under construction, during which debris and runoff ends up on the shore and in the water. At the lakeside Alebashevo conducted quarrying sand on withdrawal.

All reservoirs are in similar climatic conditions. Coastal areas of most water bodies (lakes except Round and Obrochnoe) consist of urbozemov (modified natural soils and landscapes). Ponds are pits (ponds crystal springs, Lesnoy, Duck) and one pond - Staritsu internal reservoir (South Pond).

Research on the status of water bodies (4 ponds and lakes 3) was carried out by frequent plants: in the coastal zone (1-2 meters away from the summer low water reservoir) - broadleaf plantain (Plantago major), white clover (Trifolium repens) and coastal- water zone - roundfruit rush (Juncus compressus), katniss (Sagittaria sagittifolia), broadleaf cattail (Typha latifolia). Selection of plant material held in the month of July for the same weather conditions.

Broadleaf plantain coastal pond Crystal springs contains diene conjugates (Figure 1) more (P<0.05) than broadleaf plantain of coastal Southern pond. A large concentration of primary products in broadleaf plantaine of coastal pond Crystal springs may be linked to the fact that it is a reaction to adverse factors (anthropogenic pollution) that have a strong negative impact on coastal broadleaf plantain.

Figure 1. Content of diene conjugates in plants broadleaf plantaine of study areas, cond. u./ml Note: * - statistically significant differences in the data obtained with the reference values ​​of concentration of diene conjugates in plants pond shoreline South (comparison object) (P <0.05)

In broadleaf plantaina of other coastal waters surveyed concentration of diene conjugates was lower (P <0.05) compared with the concentration in plants of coastal Southern pond. Reduction of the primary products of lipid peroxidation in relation to the object of comparison is probably an indicator of the high activity of protective systems (ascorbic acid, catalase, superoxide dismutase) and adaptation of plant cells to the complex pollutants [9].

Analysis of the concentration of Schiff bases (Figure 2) in broadleaf plantaine coastal waters study showed that in all samples the concentration of bases was lower (P<0.05) than in broadleaf plantaine coastline of South Pond.

Figure 2. Content of Schiff bases in broadleaf plants plantaine of study areas, cond. u. / mg sample

Note: * - statistically significant differences in the data obtained with the reference values ​​Schiff bases concentration in plants pond shoreline South (comparison object) (P <0.05)

Thus, the system of protection of cells and protective biochemical processes (including neutralization and intermediate products of lipid peroxidation in biochemical cycles) nature broadleaf plantaina of coastline studied reservoirs increased plant resistance to adverse environmental factors (industrial pollution).

Content of diene conjugates clovere white (Figure 3) of the coastal zones of all the studied reservoirs less (P <0.05) than in white clovere coastal pond South except white clovera coastal zones pond crystal springs and lakes Alebashevo.

Figure 3. Conjugated diene content in plants of white clovere studied areas in cond. u./ml

Note: * - statistically significant differences in the data obtained with the reference values ​​of concentration of diene conjugates in plants pond shoreline South (comparison object) (P <0.05)

Figure 4 shows that there is a decrease in the content of Schiff bases clovere white shorelines of all water bodies studied (P <0.05), with respect to the content of Schiff bases in white clovera coastal Southern pond.

Figure 4. Schiff bases content in plants of white clovere studied areas in cond. u. / mg sample

Note: * - statistically significant differences in the data obtained with the reference values ​​Schiff bases concentration in plants pond shoreline South (comparison object) (P <0.05)

Thus, coastal plants located in urban areas, are in a constant area of pollution (air pollution, soil) and are exposed to stress for many years. Occasionally, in spring and summer and a roll of summer precipitation is a change in the structure of the pollution of coastal areas (dilution of existing pollutants and additional revenue substances deposited snow reservoir area), which is also stressing factors. As a result of this enhanced functioning of protective systems, and as a result, increases the body's resistance to human impacts. Probably, there is a selection of sustainable fish species under the influence of the relevant long-term anthropogenic pressure, which leads to the adaptation of plants [10]. The exception was the broadleaf plantain coastal pond crystal springs, since the content of diene conjugates in its cells (22.35 cond. u. / ml) was higher than the control values ​​(19.93 cond. u. / ml). Perhaps, broadleaf plantain is a late invaders in the community and has to adapt to this type of pollution territory pond crystal springs.

Neutralization of lipid peroxidation products in white clovere going better and faster than broadleaf plantaine from the same habitat, which is probably due to the legume species characteristics such as nodule symbiosis with microorganisms. Development of large amounts of protein in legumes, allowing more binding intermediates floor Schiff base formation. End products of lipid peroxidation accumulate more in white clovere than broadleaf plantaine. Probably increased binding intermediates of LPO (ie malonaldehyde) in white clovere, caused by a large production of proteins and the formation of Schiff bases . Concentration of diene conjugates in broadleaf plantaine coastal areas most studied reservoirs higher than in white clovere with similar areas. Except South ponds (in broadleaf plantaine - 19.92 cond. u./ml in white clovere - 19.95 cond. u./ml) and Lesnoy ( in broadleaf plantaine - 8.6 cond. u. / mg in white clovere - 13.8 conv. u ./mg).

Broadleaf plantain sensitive to anthropogenic influence the production of high concentrations of the primary products of lipid peroxidation (conjugated diene) than white clover. Thus the use of broadleaf plantaina as test object anthropogenic influence is more justified.

Reduced concentration of diene conjugates (Figure 5) in roundfruit rush of coastal lakes. Alebashevo relative (P <0.05) roundfruit rush of coastal Southern pond. In other embodiments, the indicator is not statistically reliable. Despite the high degree and a different type of contamination of the water bodies, the level of adaptation roundfruit rush to man-made pollution is high. Despite strong anthropogenic pressure, rushes coastal water zone Alebashevo lake has a low content of diene conjugates, which is probably due to both the habitat conditions (large body of water, waterlogging substrate coastline ) and the type of pollution (organic, mineral oil).

Figure 5. Content of diene conjugates in plants roundfruit rush of the investigated areas in cond. u./ml

Note: * - statistically significant differences in the data obtained with the reference values ​​of concentration of diene conjugates in plants pond shoreline South (comparison object) (P <0.05)

Content of Schiff bases in roundfruit rush (Figure 6) of coastal water area of ponds crystal springs, Lesnoy, Duck, and Round Lakes Alebashevo was lower (P <0.05 ) than in roundfruit rush of coastal water area of the pond South. Low concentrations as diene conjugates and Schiff bases, probably due to the adaptation of organisms to the last complex of unfavorable factors. Increased hydroperoxide promotes activation of antioxidant systems, which, in turn, contribute to curb oxidation processes [11]. It should be noted a very low content of Schiff bases (0.18 cond. u. / mg) roundfruit rush coastal zone pond water crystal springs. To maintain such low values ​​of the plant must expend considerable energy resources.

Figure 6. Schiff bases content in plants roundfruit rush of study areas in cond. u./mg sample

Note: * - statistically significant differences in the data obtained with the reference values ​​Schiff bases concentration in plants pond shoreline South (comparison object) (P <0.05)

In addition to the high concentration of the Schiff base (1.2 cond. u./mg) roundfruit rush coastal zone water pond South highest concentrations found in roundfruit rush coastal water areas of lakes Obrochnoe (0.9 cond. u./mg) and Round (0.8 cond. u./mg). Probably, these reservoirs have more favorable habitat conditions.

Analysis of the data (Figure 7) shows that katniss of coastal water area of the pond Lesnoy , lakes Obrochnoe, Alebashevo Crystal springs and pond contains conjugated diene less (P < 0.05) than katniss South Pond. In katniss of coastal water bodies studied protective systems compensate for the negative impact of complex anthropogenic impact and natural conditions. It is known [12] that under normal conditions of cell activity is always present a certain level of lipid peroxidation induced by the formation of reactive oxygen species.

Figure 7. Content of diene conjugates in plants katniss of study areas in cond. u./ml

Note: * - statistically significant differences in the data obtained with the reference values ​​of concentration of diene conjugates in plants pond shoreline South (comparison object) (P <0.05)

When comparing the concentrations of diene conjugates in katniss study of reservoirs can be identified pond Crystal springs and lake Alebashevo. In katniss coastal water areas of these lakes the highest content of diene conjugates, indicating a greater pollution of their coastal aquatic environment compared to the other investigated ponds. According to hydrochemical analysis pond crystal springs and lakes Alebashevo most polluted water of the studied.

Content of Schiff bases (Figure 8) in katniss of coastal water areas Alebashevo lake, ponds Lesnoy, Crystal springs was lower (P <0.05) than in katniss of coastal water area of the pond South. There were no significant differences in the concentrations of Schiff bases katniss from the coastal zone of Lake Obrochnoe (P> 0.05) compared with katniss of coastal water area of the pond South. In katniss of coastal water bodies studied the content of peroxidation products remained within the control values ​​, despite the anthropogenic pressure.

Probably the process of lipid peroxidation and antioxidant protection system (AOP) reflects adaptive capacity of plants, their adaptation to environmental conditions. Ratio LPO and AOP allows us to estimate the stability of organisms to extreme influences, allows us to predict their condition. Induction of nonspecific lipid peroxidation is a universal response to the stressful effects of environmental factors. In [13, 14] demonstrated the intensification of lipid peroxidation under the action of aromatic hydrocarbons and metals.

Figure 8. Schiff bases content in plants katniss of study areas in cond. u./mg sample

Note: * - statistically significant differences in the data obtained with the reference values ​​Schiff bases concentration in plants pond shoreline South (comparison object) (P <0.05)

Increased diene conjugates occurs in broadleaf cattaila (Figure 9) of coastal water area of the pond Lesnoy (P < 0.05) relative to the concentration in the coastal broadleaf cattail pond water zone of the South. Growth of primary products of lipid peroxidation (diene conjugates) in broadleaf cattail of coastal water area of the pond Lesnoy , likely caused by the same factors that increase the concentration of diene conjugates in broadleaf plantaine coastal pond crystal springs . Perhaps the high content of nutrients , organic pollution , "bloom" Lesnoy pond water cause an increase in broadleaf cattail primary products of lipid peroxidation .

In addition to high concentrations of conjugated diene (26.44 cond. u./ml) in broadleaf cattail of coastal water area of the pond Lesnoy found a high content of diene conjugates (23.78 cond. u./ml) in broadleaf cattail coastal water zone Alebashevo lake, which hydrochemical respect is one of the most polluted bodies of water among studied.

Figure 9. Content of diene conjugates in broadleaf cattail plants from areas studied in cond. u./ml

Note: * - statistically significant differences in the data obtained with the reference values ​​of concentration of diene conjugates in plants pond shoreline South (comparison object) (P <0.05)

At the last stage of the transformation products of peroxidation content Schiff bases in broadleaf cattaila (Figure 10) from the coastal zone of the lake water Alebashevo less (P < 0.05) than in broadleaf cattail coastal water zone Southern pond . In other reservoirs studied for the analyzed indicators no significant differences. Consequently, the decrease in the concentration of these compounds is probably due to the high level of antioxidant defense in response to the complex adverse factors, and it does not lead to formation of a large number of end products of lipid peroxidation [15]. The highest concentration of Schiff bases found in broadleaf cattail coastal water pond areas South (0.81 cond. u./mg) and Lake Obrochnoe (0.84 cond. u./mg).

Decreasing the amount of lipid peroxidation products may be due also to the fact that the development of lipid peroxidation reactions were not enough substrate (membranes and "lipid reserve" of the organism (replacement substances)), as it was consumed by the energy needs of the body. On the close relationship of lipid peroxidation and activity of antioxidant enzymes known from the literature [16].

Figure 10. Content of Schiff bases in broadleaf cattail plants from the study area, in cond. u./mg sample

Note: * - statistically significant differences in the data obtained with the reference values ​​Schiff bases concentration in plants pond shoreline South (comparison object) (P <0.05)

From the results it is clear that in the coastal zone aquatic plants have more wetted substrate, and sometimes are in the aquatic environment. In connection with what happens as the absorption of substances from the substrate on which they grow, or from water and air. They have more dynamic conditions and have a high solvent power. Therefore, plants of these areas are more susceptible to sudden changes than the coastal vegetation.

Bodies, as relief depressions accumulate a considerable amount of various substances, including human nature. So, plants onshore and coastal water areas are in the most stressiruemyh habitat. The highest burden falls on the coastal water and aquatic plant communities. The need to neutralize high concentrations of diene conjugates was carried out successfully in plants of coastal- water areas of lakes and Alebashevo Obrochnoe , Pond Lesnoy . Probably plants coastal water areas of these reservoirs adapted to the incoming pollution and other anthropogenic factors that cause the growth of hydroperoxides in plant cells.

The exception was the broadleaf cattail coastal zone water pond Lesnoy, since the content of diene conjugates (26.4 cond. u./ml) was higher than the control values ​​(22.47 cond. u./ml). Perhaps check broadleaf cattaila currently phytocoenosis was relatively recently, so he did not have time to adapt to the adverse conditions of this reservoir (flowering pond, elevated nutrients, etc).

Of coastal aquatic plants katniss has morphological features chastuhovyh - several types of leaves of different ecological confinement, has shortened tuberous rhizome with bulges containing starch. These features are likely to help maintain low levels of primary and final products of lipid peroxidation control values​​: 4.88 conjugated diene cond. u./ml and 1.07 Schiff bases cond. u./mg. And with respect to other types of coastal water zone katnissa morphological features do not play a significant role - as the concentration of diene conjugates in katniss coastal water areas most studied reservoirs, except pond Lesnoy (9.6 cond. u./ml) and Lake Obrochnoe (12.5 cond. u./ml) than in coastal aquatic plants growing in the area of similar areas.

Protection system roundfruit rush littoral zone of the lake water Alebashevo actively functioning (catalase, ascorbic acid, carotenoids, flavonoids other antioxidants) so it has a low content of diene conjugates.

Conjugated diene content in the studied coastal aquatic plants from the lake Alebashevo, Obrochnoe Lesnoy and pond, and Schiff bases in plants of coastal- water zone of the pond Crystal springs, lakes Alebashevo, Lesnoy pond was less than in other reservoirs studied.