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1. Read the words and their definitions. Translate the given examples:

1. to align – to put oneself on the side of or against a party or cause.

The alignment of those countries with our enemies has made our situation worse.

Some countries consider themselves to be nonaligned.

2. ballot – a sheet of paper used to make a secret vote.

It will take several hours to count the ballots and decide who has won.

3. bully – one who treats others abusively.

The bigger boy was a bully and liked to fight smaller boys. The more powerful countries are often accused of bullying the smaller countries into voicing agreement with their policies.

4. crusade – an enterprise undertaken with much enthusiasm, usually for some cause.

The government has started a crusade against smoking. He has crusaded in favour of stricter speed limits ever since his daughter was killed by a speeding driver. The crusading women marched in the streets. She is a crusader against alcohol.

5. to enfranchise – to allow the right to vote.

Black people in the United States were enfranchised after the Civil War.

Many of the recently enfranchised people are not yet registered to vote.

6. exile – forced removal from one’s country.

The rebels’ leader was in exile in a neighboring country for ten years. The government exiled most of its critics. The exiled rebels are planning various acts of sabotage.

7. ideology – a systematic body of concepts, esp. about human life or culture.

Their ideology opposes the private ownership of land. Many people in that society have ideological problems with the idea of children being raised in state centres rather than by their parents. Although they think that his idea is a practical one, they are ideologically opposed to it.

8. to incite – to move to action.

He was jailed on the charge of incitement to revolt.

Her speech incited the workers to go out on strike.

9. jurisdiction – the power, right, or authority to apply the law.

Murder is not within the jurisdiction of U.S. national courts because the laws against murder are state laws and the state courts have jurisdiction.

10. to nominate – to propose as a candidate for election to office, to propose for a position of honour.

She is campaigning now to win the nomination of her party. Each party nominated one candidate to run in the general election. The nominated candidates are going to debate each other on television next week. The nominating committee has chosen a new president to replace the one who resigned.

11. to overthrow – to bring down, to defeat.

They overthrew the government when government troops were used to collect more taxes.

The overthrown government leaders are now living in exile. The rebels are planning the overthrow of the king.

12. to persecute –to cause to suffer, esp. because of one’s beliefs.

The members of the opposition are being persecuted for their political beliefs. The persecuted opposition members are trying to leave the country. The persecution of religious minorities has been common in the history of the world.

13. to revoke – to take or call back.

His license was revoked because he was found guilty of a hit-and-run accident in which a child was killed. The new law will be revocable in two years if it doesn’t work out. Her resignation is irrevocable now, another person has already been hired to replace her. He is irrevocably committed to that ideology; nothing will change his mind.

14. treason – the offense of attempting to overthrow the government of one’s own country.

He was convicted of treason after his group tried to overthrow the government.

Her sale of weapons to our enemies was a treasonous act.

15. tyrant – an absolute ruler unrestrained by law, a ruler who exercises absolute power oppressively.

The people hate the king because he is such a tyrant. Her parents are quite tyrannical. She is never permitted out of the house alone. The tyrannical rule of that family over the country ended when its most important members were assassinated.