14. Make up sentences of your own with the following:

to be transformed with accession the acceding country

to negotiate WTO accession conditions of accession

to export effects of accession in the short term

in the medium term with a longer view ahead

within the next 10 years

15. Render the second half of the article using the following:

to implement agreements to participate in multilateral negotiations

to prepare domestic laws to be consistent with WTO principles

to undertake national policy to cover a broad and wide array of areas

to identify issues precisely policy planning

to plan policies for the revitalization of respective industries

to find an appropriate way to guide domestic industries

to adapt to the global economy the key objective of bilateral cooperation

the EU legislative approach to launch a project

the project team to provide assistance / support to

the main goal of the project in compliance with

to promote cooperation with to be dedicated to supplying smth

16. Sort out each item accordingly:

integrating into the global trading system increasing domestic tariffs for gas

trading on equal terms with other countries acquiring better access to overseas markets

reducing governmental support in some areas lowering tariffs on our products

boosting a country’s economic growth lowering barriers imposed on import of goods

losing sovereignty in policy-making increasing investments

killing the local competition destroying jobs

creating new jobs participating in elaborating trade regulations

advantage	disadvantage

17. Translate the following excerpts into Russian:

1. Political interests of any state are directly related to its economic ones. For Kazakhstan with its large reserves of oil and gas it is necessary to master market as well as political mechanisms for strengthening its positions on the world market for energy resources. This will require flexibility and a comprehensive approach in analyzing the dynamic processes in the world energy space.

The national interests of Kazakhstan in the international sphere include the whole complex of the country's interests and consist in strengthening the economic position of the Republic and developing equitable and mutually beneficial relations with all countries and integration unions.

2. In compliance with the Message of the President of the Republic of Kazakhstan N. Nazarbayev "Kazakhstan on the way to accelerated economic, social and political modernization"; and also with the purpose of increasing transparency and accountability of companies operating in the oil, gas and mining sectors Kazakhstani specialists work on implementation initiatives stimulating efficient use of resources.

The realization of the initiatives and sensible use of natural resources may become an important instrument of sustainable economic growth, contributing to the stability of the state as a whole and reduction of poverty. However we clearly understand that an absence of appropriate management can lead to a negative influence on the economy.

3. Energy resources and access to export routes are the priority of domestic and foreign policy of the country, one of the most significant components of national security. Thus energy resources are one of the long-term priorities of Kazakhstan's development. The strategic goal is seen in their efficient use so that the revenues are used to achieve sustainable economic growth and improve the quality of people's lives.

The main orientations of the energy policy of Kazakhstan are energy security, energy efficiency and environmental safety. Therefore, the long-term governmental energy policy is built on:

• clear-cut and consistent activities made by the Government of Kazakhstan on realization of energy policy;

• commitment to establishing strong and sustainable companies open to constructive dialogue;

• adherence to predictable and transparent investment policy.

The oil and gas sector, in particular oil production, is one of the most dynamically developing strategic industries of our economy. Tax revenues from oil and gas account for one third of total budget revenues.

4. The EU and the world need reliable, affordable and sustainable flows of energy. This is a key element for economic development and the achievement of the Lisbon goals. There is an obvious link between energy security, sustainability and competitiveness.

Increasing dependence on imports from unstable regions and suppliers presents a serious risk. Some major producers and consumers have been using energy as a political lever. Other risks include the effects on the EU internal energy market of external actors not playing by the same market rules nor being subject to the same competitive pressures domestically.

A secure energy supply requires a combination of internal and external policies. The legitimate right of individual Member States to pursue their own external relations for ensuring security of energy supplies and to choose their internal energy mix is not in question. Nonetheless, the development of a coherent and focused external EU energy policy, drawing on the full range of EU internal and external policies, would enhance the collective external energy security of the Union. It would also help the EU face more effectively possible strategies by major external energy suppliers to adversely influence market fundamentals.

EU external relations can be used more effectively to pursue the common objective of securing reliable flows of affordable and environmentally sustainable energy. A European Strategy for Sustainable, Competitive and Secure Energy (March 2006), is a document which the energy policy the EU and its Member States want. A more fully developed internal policy is a pre-condition for delivering the EU’s external energy interests, and for better judging what leverage the EU is able to bring to bear in its external relations for furthering these interests. In order to enhance the external security of energy supplies of the EU, it is important that a coherent approach be adopted that pursues the following objectives:

• promoting transparency and improved governance in the energy sector through energy partnerships with third countries, the objective being to create mutually beneficial, open, transparent, non-discriminatory and stable legal conditions for energy investment and trade;

• improving production and export capacities in producer countries and developing and upgrading energy transportation infrastructure in producer and transit countries;

• improving the climate for European companies’ investments in third countries and opening up the production and export of energy resources to EU industry;

• improving conditions for trade in energy through non-discriminatory transit and third party access to export pipeline infrastructure;

• enhancing physical and environmental security as well as the energy infrastructure safety.

18. Fill in the gaps with one of the given phrases:

destruction, exhaustion, pollution / long-term tendency/ environment quality improvement / social and economic problems / economic well-being / flexible variations of purification / atmospheric emissions purification / reliable and economically viable technologies;

The ___ (1) of growing planet pollution is one of the main factors influencing human health. Any type of activity will negatively affect the environment. However, at the same time it is also a guarantee of ___ (2). Therefore, people should make balanced decisions on ___ (3) and protect the environment from ___ (4) and irrational use. If we want to obtain ___ (5) we must introduce effective technologies which include ___ (6) complying with set standards. We should also make use of new ___ (7) of ___ (8), waste management and recycling.