20. Give each point one verb to suit all the phrases:

represent become provide recognize

formalize determine pave the way towards

smb as the only bearer of sovereignty _____ equality of citizens the right to do smth	the legal basis for _____ movement towards independence national wealth
the basis of the state _____ state power state security services	national independence _____ international cooperation the revival and development of a nation
full legal sovereignty _____ independence an agreement	a milestone of the Constitution _____ independent a powerful state
_____ policy movement, the sphere of legislation the scope and framework of power

21. Fill in the gaps with one of the given words to form a word partnership:

economy services values potentials

state security ______ internal affairs ______

a market ______ a command-and-control ______

cultural ______ historic ______

science ______ technical ______

22. Study the words. Translate the given examples:

1. to align [ə'laɪn] – to put oneself on the side of a party or against it.

The alignment of those countries with our enemies has made our situation worse. Some countries consider themselves to be nonaligned.

2. ballot ['bælət] – a sheet of paper used to make a secret vote.

It takes hours to count the ballots and decide who has won.

3. bully ['bulɪ] – one who treats others abusively.

The bigger boy was a bully and liked to fight smaller boys. The more powerful countries are often accused of bullying the smaller countries into voicing agreement with their policies.

4. crusade [kruː'seɪd] – an enterprise undertaken with much zest, usually for some cause.

The government has started a crusade against smoking. He has crusaded in favour of stricter speed limits ever since his daughter was killed by a speeding driver. The crusading women marched in the streets. She is a crusader against alcohol.

5. to enfranchise [ɪn'frænʧaɪz ], [en-] – to allow the right to vote.

Black people in the U S were enfranchised after the Civil war. Many of the recently enfranchised people are not registered to vote yet.

6. exile ['eksaɪl ], ['egzaɪl] – forced removal from one’s country.

The exiled rebels are planning various acts of sabotage. The rebels’ leader was in exile in a neighboring country for more than ten years. The government exiled most of its critics.

7. ideology [ˌaɪdɪ'ɔləʤɪ] – a systematic body of concepts, especially about human life or culture.

Their ideology opposes the private ownership of land. Many people in that society have ideological problems with the idea of children being raised in state centres rather than by their parents. Although they think that his idea is a practical one, they are ideologically opposed to it.

8. to incite [ɪn'saɪt] – to move to action.

Her speech incited the workers to go out on strike. He was jailed on the charge of incitement to revolt.

9. jurisdiction [ˌʤuərɪs'dɪkʃ(ə)n] – power, right or authority to apply the law.

Murder is not within the jurisdiction of U.S. national courts because the laws against murder are state laws and the state courts have jurisdiction.

10. to nominate ['nɔmɪneɪt] – to propose as a candidate for election to office, to propose for a position of honour.

The nominated candidates are going to debate each other on television next week. The nominating committee has chosen a new president to replace the one who resigned. Each party nominated one candidate to run in the general election. She is campaigning now to win the nomination of her party.

11. to overthrow [ˌəuvə'θrəu] – to bring down, to defeat.

They overthrew the government when government troops were used to collect more taxes. The overthrown government leaders are now living in exile. The rebels are planning the overthrow of the king.

12. to persecute ['pɜːsɪkjuːt] –to cause to suffer, especially because of one’s beliefs.

The members of the opposition are being persecuted for their political beliefs. The persecuted opposition members are trying to leave the country to avoid the danger. The persecution of religious minorities has been common in the history of the world.

13. to revoke [rɪ'vəuk] – to take or call back.

His license was revoked because he was found guilty of a hit-and-run accident in which a child was killed. The new law will be revocable in two years’ time in case it doesn’t work. Her resignation is irrevocable now; another person has already been hired to replace her. He is irrevocably committed to that ideology; nothing will change his mind.

14. treason ['triːz(ə)n] – the offense of attempting to overthrow the government of one’s own country.

Her sale of weapons to our enemies was a treasonous act. He was convicted of treason after his group tried to overthrow the government.

15. tyrant ['taɪrənt] – an absolute ruler unrestrained by law, a ruler who exercises absolute power oppressively.

The people hate the king because he is such a tyrant. Her parents are quite tyrannical. She is never permitted out of the house alone.