- •Introduction into biochemistry
- •General properties
- •Classification of proteins
- •Simple Proteins – representatives, properties and role
- •Globulins [g]
- •Histones (h) h are basic non value proteins. Localized in nucleus with mol. Mass (mm) 10000-20000 d. They contain of 30% diaminomonocarboxylic acids and have positive charge. Their iep is equal 10.
- •Table 1 “The properties of globular simple proteins”
- •Conjugated proteins
- •Table 2 Composition of the free (transport) lipoproteins in plasma of human
- •True gp Proteoglycans
- •Table 3 Chemical nature of glycosaminoglycans
- •Nucleoproteins (np)
- •Mononucleotides
- •Table 4 The composition and names of nucleosides, nucleotides and their phosphoric derivatives
- •Structure of dna Primary st. Of dna is a spirally one polynucleotides chain (pnc), the disposition of nucleotides in which determine all hereditary properties of organism.
- •Structure of rna
- •Enzymes
- •Mechanism of enzyme action
- •Factors influencing on enzyme activity
- •Enzyme inhibition
- •Classification of enzymes
- •III. Hydrolases
- •Bioenergetics
- •Table 6 Redox potential (rp)
- •Inhibition of oxidative phosphorylation.
- •The types of oxidation
- •Peroxidase’s type
- •Vitamins
- •Vitamin b12
- •Ascorbic acid (vitamin c)
- •Rutin, vitamin p (permeability) – bioflavonoids, capillaris’s strengthening
- •Fat soluble vitamins
- •Deficiency diseases
- •Vitamin k
- •Carbohydrates metabolism. Digestion and absorption of carbohydrates. Intermediate metabolism of carbohydrates
- •Carbohydrates metabolism. Intermediate and final stages of carbohydrates metabolism
- •Lipids of food, their importance, digestion, absorption. Micelles and chylomicrons. The role of intestinal wall, liver, lungs and adipose tissue in lipid metabolism
- •Lipids metabolism. Lipoproteins, their composition and role. The pathways of usage of glycerol and free fatty acids in cells
- •“Pathologic chemistry of lipid’s metabolism”
- •The intermediate Metabolism of Simple Proteins (part 1): the conversion of amino acids in tissues. The formation and usage of Creatine. The decarboxylation of amino acids, the role of biogenic amines
- •Simple proteins metabolism. The pathways of formation and detoxification of ammonia
- •Conjugated proteins metabolism
- •Biochemistry of liver
- •Classification of hormones
- •General properties of hormones
- •Hormones of epiphysis Melatonin
- •Hypothalamic hormones
- •Vasopressin (antidiuretic hormone)
- •Oxytocin
- •Hormones of hypophysis
- •Hormones of pancreas
- •Hormones of adrenal glands
- •Sexual hormones are formed in gonads.
- •Estrogens
- •If the pregnancy beginns so development of embryo occurs; if the pregnancy doesn’t occur so degeneration of yellow body proceeds and mensis beginns again Androgens
- •Biochemistry of blood plasma
- •Table 10 a main biochemical indices in the blood plasma (serum)
- •Functions and diagnostic importance of some fractions of proteins Table 11 Biologic and clinic importance of blood serum proteins
- •Blood clotting system
- •Blood dissolution system
- •Complement system
- •Inorganic constituents of blood plasma. Water-mineral metabolism. Acidosis and alkalosis
- •Acidosis and alkalosis Table 12 Acidosis and alkalosis
- •Water metabolism
- •Biochemistry of erythrocytes
- •Metabolism in erythrocytes
- •The physiological and pathological derivatives of hemoglobin and their spectra of taking up
- •Biochemistry of white blood cells
- •Biochemistry of kidneys
- •Normal and pathologic constituents of urine. Urine analysis – its clinical significance Composition of normal urine
- •Physical examination
- •I. Volume
- •The term polyuria implies an increased volume of urine
- •II. Colour
- •III. Specific Gravity
- •Clinical significance
- •IV. Acidity and pH
- •Clinical Significance
- •V. Odor
- •Causes of abnormal odor
- •VI. Turbidity
- •Types of turbidities
- •Inorganic constituents
- •Chlorides
- •Clinical significance
- •Organic constituents
- •Clinical significance
- •II. Ammonia
- •Clinical significance
- •Increase
- •Uric acid
- •Clinical significance
- •Clinical aspect
- •Creatinine and creatine
- •Oxalic Acid
- •Clinical significance
- •Aminoacids
- •Aminoacidurias
- •Abnormal constituents
- •Proteins
- •Proteinuria
Nucleoproteins (np)
Huge discoveries was made in this field of (knowledge) biochemistry in the last 30-40 years. The discoveries in this field have greit significance and led to the appeareince and development of molecular biology, molecular genetic, biotechnology, genetic engineering and genetic surgery.
NP are acid proteins (due to huge content of phosphoric acid), they are dissolved in water and alkali solutions, but they are not dissolved in acid solution.
The molecular mass of nucleoproteins are from some millions to some milliards daltons. They consist of a s.p. and prosthetic group called nucleic acids.
The NP-s play huge role in the living organisms: they transfer the genetic information from the parients to the posterity during reproduction; from one cell to another cell (during division of cells); from the nucleic acids to the proteins (during the biosynthesis of proteins). So they have next ability: to store, express and transmit genetic information.
Protein part of NP consist of large number molecules of histones (in animals and men) or protamines (in the fish and sea animal), acid albumines and glombulines.
Histones (H) have an important role in the defence DNA, in the keeping of the structure of chromosomes, in the regulation expression of genes.
Nonhistone proteins are enzymes and regulate expression of genes too.
The purine bases: adenine, guanine; pyrimidene bases: cytosine, uracile, thymine.
Besides these bases minorbases (seldom meeting bases) are found out in structure NA.
The purine bases are derivatives of condenced heterocycles pyrimidine and imidazole.
The pyrimidine bases are derivates of heterocycle pyrimidine.
NP
SP Prosthetic group – NA-s (polynucleoti-
des) = n mononucleotides (or nucleoti-
des, or nucleosidphosphoric acids)
n> 1000
(histones, protamines, albumins, globulins)
Mononucleotides
Nucleoside Phosphoric a.
Pentose Nitrogenous bases
Ribose Deoxyribose Purines Pyrimidines (cytosine, uracil, thymin)
(adenine, guanine)
Adenine (6-aminopurine) Thymine (5-methyluracil)
Guanine (2-amino, 6-oxypurine) Uracil (2,6-dihydroxypyrimidine)
Cytosine (2-hydroxy, 6-aminopyrimidine)
The mentioned above bases are jointed with pentose and form nucleosides. When nitrogenous bases are jointed with ribose they are named ribo nucleosides and are included in structure RNA (f.e. adenosine, guanosine, cytidile, uridile). When they are jointed with deoxyribose they are named deoxynucleosides are included in structure DNA only a symbol “d” to put before their name – deoxyadenosine – d-adenosine, deoxythymidine – d-thymidine.
When nucleosides or d-nucleosides are jointed with p.a. by ether bonds they form nucleotides or nucleosidephosphates (see tabl.). The quantity of p.a. may be 1, 2, 3.
The second and third molecules of p.a. are jointed to nucleotides by macroergic bonds ( bonds with very high energy – high energy bonds (symbol) – 33 nj/mole).