- •Introduction into biochemistry
- •General properties
- •Classification of proteins
- •Simple Proteins – representatives, properties and role
- •Globulins [g]
- •Histones (h) h are basic non value proteins. Localized in nucleus with mol. Mass (mm) 10000-20000 d. They contain of 30% diaminomonocarboxylic acids and have positive charge. Their iep is equal 10.
- •Table 1 “The properties of globular simple proteins”
- •Conjugated proteins
- •Table 2 Composition of the free (transport) lipoproteins in plasma of human
- •True gp Proteoglycans
- •Table 3 Chemical nature of glycosaminoglycans
- •Nucleoproteins (np)
- •Mononucleotides
- •Table 4 The composition and names of nucleosides, nucleotides and their phosphoric derivatives
- •Structure of dna Primary st. Of dna is a spirally one polynucleotides chain (pnc), the disposition of nucleotides in which determine all hereditary properties of organism.
- •Structure of rna
- •Enzymes
- •Mechanism of enzyme action
- •Factors influencing on enzyme activity
- •Enzyme inhibition
- •Classification of enzymes
- •III. Hydrolases
- •Bioenergetics
- •Table 6 Redox potential (rp)
- •Inhibition of oxidative phosphorylation.
- •The types of oxidation
- •Peroxidase’s type
- •Vitamins
- •Vitamin b12
- •Ascorbic acid (vitamin c)
- •Rutin, vitamin p (permeability) – bioflavonoids, capillaris’s strengthening
- •Fat soluble vitamins
- •Deficiency diseases
- •Vitamin k
- •Carbohydrates metabolism. Digestion and absorption of carbohydrates. Intermediate metabolism of carbohydrates
- •Carbohydrates metabolism. Intermediate and final stages of carbohydrates metabolism
- •Lipids of food, their importance, digestion, absorption. Micelles and chylomicrons. The role of intestinal wall, liver, lungs and adipose tissue in lipid metabolism
- •Lipids metabolism. Lipoproteins, their composition and role. The pathways of usage of glycerol and free fatty acids in cells
- •“Pathologic chemistry of lipid’s metabolism”
- •The intermediate Metabolism of Simple Proteins (part 1): the conversion of amino acids in tissues. The formation and usage of Creatine. The decarboxylation of amino acids, the role of biogenic amines
- •Simple proteins metabolism. The pathways of formation and detoxification of ammonia
- •Conjugated proteins metabolism
- •Biochemistry of liver
- •Classification of hormones
- •General properties of hormones
- •Hormones of epiphysis Melatonin
- •Hypothalamic hormones
- •Vasopressin (antidiuretic hormone)
- •Oxytocin
- •Hormones of hypophysis
- •Hormones of pancreas
- •Hormones of adrenal glands
- •Sexual hormones are formed in gonads.
- •Estrogens
- •If the pregnancy beginns so development of embryo occurs; if the pregnancy doesn’t occur so degeneration of yellow body proceeds and mensis beginns again Androgens
- •Biochemistry of blood plasma
- •Table 10 a main biochemical indices in the blood plasma (serum)
- •Functions and diagnostic importance of some fractions of proteins Table 11 Biologic and clinic importance of blood serum proteins
- •Blood clotting system
- •Blood dissolution system
- •Complement system
- •Inorganic constituents of blood plasma. Water-mineral metabolism. Acidosis and alkalosis
- •Acidosis and alkalosis Table 12 Acidosis and alkalosis
- •Water metabolism
- •Biochemistry of erythrocytes
- •Metabolism in erythrocytes
- •The physiological and pathological derivatives of hemoglobin and their spectra of taking up
- •Biochemistry of white blood cells
- •Biochemistry of kidneys
- •Normal and pathologic constituents of urine. Urine analysis – its clinical significance Composition of normal urine
- •Physical examination
- •I. Volume
- •The term polyuria implies an increased volume of urine
- •II. Colour
- •III. Specific Gravity
- •Clinical significance
- •IV. Acidity and pH
- •Clinical Significance
- •V. Odor
- •Causes of abnormal odor
- •VI. Turbidity
- •Types of turbidities
- •Inorganic constituents
- •Chlorides
- •Clinical significance
- •Organic constituents
- •Clinical significance
- •II. Ammonia
- •Clinical significance
- •Increase
- •Uric acid
- •Clinical significance
- •Clinical aspect
- •Creatinine and creatine
- •Oxalic Acid
- •Clinical significance
- •Aminoacids
- •Aminoacidurias
- •Abnormal constituents
- •Proteins
- •Proteinuria
Deficiency diseases
In the rats deficiency of tocopherols results in damage of the reproductive system in males and females. Germinal epithelium is permanently damaged. Even if pregnancy occurs it results in death of the fetus and the fetus resorption occurs. In human subjects, however, no such relationship of vitamin E with reproductive system has been decidedly proved. Attempts to establish relation of vitamin E with reproductive physiology has given doubtful results in human subjects. In the nutrition charts, however, daily intake of vitamin E is recommended.
Vitamin E maintains the structural integrity of the muscles and peripheral vascular system in the animals. Consequently deficiency of this vitamin leads to dystrophy of such tissues.
In rabbits nucleic acid biosynthesis has been reported to be reduced in vitamin E deficiency. Most probably incorporation of the purine nucleotides in the biogenesis of nucleic acids is inhibited. Thus, alienation excretion is increased and the tissue nucleic acid content is lowered.
Involvement of vitamin E in biological oxidation has also been reported. Most probably, it is involved between cytochrome b and c. Vitamin E is an antioxidant. On account of this property it is believed to protect the cell membranes and prevent oxidation of unsaturated fatty acids forming integral part of the membrane lipids. Besides these, deficiency of this vitamin in the animals may cause hemolysis. The rate of lipogenesis is also decreased, the membranes of cells loose integrity and the rate of biological oxidation is also decreased.
Requirement The daily requirement of vitamin E of the adults has been recommended between 10-30 mg.
Vitamin k
The different vitamins K are fat-soluble, heat-stable and resistant to reducing agents, however these are light sensitive. These vitamins are destroyed by light, alkalies, strong acids and various oxidizing agents. There are some of vitamins K: K1, K2 and menadione. VK1 has been obtained from alfalfa leaves, vK2 has been obtained from Bacillus brevis (it is also named farnoquinone).
Sources and absorption Important sources of vitamins K group are alfalfa, cabbage, cauliflower, tomatoes, spinach and other green vegetables. Among the animal sources are fish, liver, cheese and egg-yolk. The intestinal flora of microorganism can also synthesize these vitamins.
Absorption of these vitamins occurs in the intestine and it requires bile-salts. Presence of bile-salts is essential. In obstruction of biliary tract, the absorption of vK is markedly reduced. In such cases, bile-salt preparation must be orally administrated to promote vitamin K absorption. Although, vitamin K are stored but the site of storage is not known deficiency.
Functions: vK promote the biosynthesis of prothrombin in the liver tissue. Prothrombin in an important protein which after converting into thrombin acquires enzymic activity and converts fibrinogen into fibrin (blood ) – thus, vK facilitates the process of blood coagulation. Therefor deficiency of this vitamin delayes in coagulation of blood. This vitamin can pass from mother to fetus with considerable difficulty.
Since, vK possess quinoid structure which can be readily reduced and deoxidized. The possibility of its involvement in biological oxidation can not ruled out. Current view is that vK in the form of coenzyme Q forms the normal electron carrier and is also believed to help in the oxidative phosphorylation process.
It has been indicated that vK acts as an induser for RNA formation. These RNA molecules help in the biosynthesis of prothrombin and possibly other proteins in the clotting process.
Requirement: the daily norm do not established, appr. 2mg/day