- •Introduction into biochemistry
- •General properties
- •Classification of proteins
- •Simple Proteins – representatives, properties and role
- •Globulins [g]
- •Histones (h) h are basic non value proteins. Localized in nucleus with mol. Mass (mm) 10000-20000 d. They contain of 30% diaminomonocarboxylic acids and have positive charge. Their iep is equal 10.
- •Table 1 “The properties of globular simple proteins”
- •Conjugated proteins
- •Table 2 Composition of the free (transport) lipoproteins in plasma of human
- •True gp Proteoglycans
- •Table 3 Chemical nature of glycosaminoglycans
- •Nucleoproteins (np)
- •Mononucleotides
- •Table 4 The composition and names of nucleosides, nucleotides and their phosphoric derivatives
- •Structure of dna Primary st. Of dna is a spirally one polynucleotides chain (pnc), the disposition of nucleotides in which determine all hereditary properties of organism.
- •Structure of rna
- •Enzymes
- •Mechanism of enzyme action
- •Factors influencing on enzyme activity
- •Enzyme inhibition
- •Classification of enzymes
- •III. Hydrolases
- •Bioenergetics
- •Table 6 Redox potential (rp)
- •Inhibition of oxidative phosphorylation.
- •The types of oxidation
- •Peroxidase’s type
- •Vitamins
- •Vitamin b12
- •Ascorbic acid (vitamin c)
- •Rutin, vitamin p (permeability) – bioflavonoids, capillaris’s strengthening
- •Fat soluble vitamins
- •Deficiency diseases
- •Vitamin k
- •Carbohydrates metabolism. Digestion and absorption of carbohydrates. Intermediate metabolism of carbohydrates
- •Carbohydrates metabolism. Intermediate and final stages of carbohydrates metabolism
- •Lipids of food, their importance, digestion, absorption. Micelles and chylomicrons. The role of intestinal wall, liver, lungs and adipose tissue in lipid metabolism
- •Lipids metabolism. Lipoproteins, their composition and role. The pathways of usage of glycerol and free fatty acids in cells
- •“Pathologic chemistry of lipid’s metabolism”
- •The intermediate Metabolism of Simple Proteins (part 1): the conversion of amino acids in tissues. The formation and usage of Creatine. The decarboxylation of amino acids, the role of biogenic amines
- •Simple proteins metabolism. The pathways of formation and detoxification of ammonia
- •Conjugated proteins metabolism
- •Biochemistry of liver
- •Classification of hormones
- •General properties of hormones
- •Hormones of epiphysis Melatonin
- •Hypothalamic hormones
- •Vasopressin (antidiuretic hormone)
- •Oxytocin
- •Hormones of hypophysis
- •Hormones of pancreas
- •Hormones of adrenal glands
- •Sexual hormones are formed in gonads.
- •Estrogens
- •If the pregnancy beginns so development of embryo occurs; if the pregnancy doesn’t occur so degeneration of yellow body proceeds and mensis beginns again Androgens
- •Biochemistry of blood plasma
- •Table 10 a main biochemical indices in the blood plasma (serum)
- •Functions and diagnostic importance of some fractions of proteins Table 11 Biologic and clinic importance of blood serum proteins
- •Blood clotting system
- •Blood dissolution system
- •Complement system
- •Inorganic constituents of blood plasma. Water-mineral metabolism. Acidosis and alkalosis
- •Acidosis and alkalosis Table 12 Acidosis and alkalosis
- •Water metabolism
- •Biochemistry of erythrocytes
- •Metabolism in erythrocytes
- •The physiological and pathological derivatives of hemoglobin and their spectra of taking up
- •Biochemistry of white blood cells
- •Biochemistry of kidneys
- •Normal and pathologic constituents of urine. Urine analysis – its clinical significance Composition of normal urine
- •Physical examination
- •I. Volume
- •The term polyuria implies an increased volume of urine
- •II. Colour
- •III. Specific Gravity
- •Clinical significance
- •IV. Acidity and pH
- •Clinical Significance
- •V. Odor
- •Causes of abnormal odor
- •VI. Turbidity
- •Types of turbidities
- •Inorganic constituents
- •Chlorides
- •Clinical significance
- •Organic constituents
- •Clinical significance
- •II. Ammonia
- •Clinical significance
- •Increase
- •Uric acid
- •Clinical significance
- •Clinical aspect
- •Creatinine and creatine
- •Oxalic Acid
- •Clinical significance
- •Aminoacids
- •Aminoacidurias
- •Abnormal constituents
- •Proteins
- •Proteinuria
Classification of proteins
Proteins
Simple=nonconjugated Proteins compound or conjugated p.
(they are composed only of ppc) (they have ppc and some non pro
tein groups which are called
prosthetic groups: 1. Phosphopro-
tein, 2. Lipop., 3. Met.pr.,
4. chromopr.,
The thousand proteins presented in the human body perform numerous functions too.
Dynamic function includes catalysis of chemical transformations, transport, metabolic control, and contraction. In structural functions, proteins provide the matrix for bone and connective tissue, giving structure and form to the human organism.
An important class of dynamic proteins are the enzymes that catalyze chemical reactions, converting a substrate to a product at the enzyme’s active site. Almost all of the thousands of chemical reactions in living organisms require a specific enzyme catalyst to ensure that reactions occur at a rate compatible with life. The character of any cell is based on its particular chemistry, which is determined by its specific enzyme composition. Numerous genetic traits are expressed through synthesis of enzymes, which catalyze reactions that establish the phenotype. Many genetic disease results from altered levels of enzyme production or specific alterations to their amino acid sequence. Transport is another major function of proteins. For example, hemoglobin and myoglobin, which transport oxygen in blood and in muscle. Transferrin transports iron in blood. Other transport proteins bind and carry steroid hormones in blood from their site of synthesis to their site of action. Many drugs and toxic compounds are transported by proteins. Proteins participate in contractile mechanisms. Myosin and actin function in muscle contraction.
Protein have a protective role through a combination of dynamic function. Immunoglobulins and interferon are proteins that protect the body against bacterial or viral infection. Fibrin stops the loss of blood on injury to the vascular system. Many hormones are proteins or peptides. Protein hormones include insulin, thyrotropin, somatotropin (growth hormone), prolactine, luteinizing hormone, and follicle-stimulating hormone. Many polypeptide hormones have a low molecular weight (<5000) and are referred to as peptides. In general, the term protein is used for molecules composed of over 50 amino acids and peptide is used for those of less than 50 amino acids. Important peptide hormones include adrenocorticotropic hormone, antidiuretic hormone, glucagons, and calcitonin.
Proteins control and regulate gene transcription and translation. These include histones. They are closely associated with DNA, repressor and enhancer transcription factors that control gene transcription, and proteins that form a part of the heteronuclear RNA particles and ribosomes.
Structural protein function in “brick-and-mortar” roles. This include collagen and elastin, which form the matrix of bone and ligaments and provide structural strength and elasticity to organs and the vascular system. alfa-keratin occurs in hair and other epidermal tissue.
An understanding of normal functioning and pathology of the mammalian organism requires a clear understanding of the properties of proteins.