II. Comment on the following sayings concerning the role of a chairperson.

-The focus of a chairperson is on keeping the meeting productive, rather than on just using his role to promote his or her own contribution or standing.

- It is a good idea to rotate the chairperson's role every few meetings, as this gives everyone valuable experience on running a meeting, as well as buy in to value of the effective meeting process.

-If the Chairperson is friendly and a good mixer, then others will follow suit and the general atmosphere will be friendly and co-operative. If, however, the Chairperson is brusque and unapproachable, there will inevitably be cliques and factions. A calm and even temperament is a great asset in a Chairperson, as this creates a feeling of stability, whereas if there is too much volatility, the reverse is the case.

UNIT 2

PRESENTATIONS. NEGOTIATIONS

2.1. Presentations

Starting up

Oral presentations are frequently used in business and industry and are becoming increasingly important as a way of communication .A presentation is a prepared talk given by a speaker to one or more listeners.

a) Arrange the purposes of presentation types in three columns:

Business presentation-Sales presentation –others

to activate

to stimulate people to take action.

to evaluate situation

to present products to customers

to promote the services one offers

to compete for projects

to present budget proposals

to inform

to entertain

to apply for credits

to raise money for some project

to tell the listeners what they will find beneficial to know

to instruct

to let employees know exactly how this or that plan works

to give specific directions or orders

to stand up for one’s rights

to pull the best out of their listeners

to inspire/motivate.

to cause the audience to willingly accept your proposal through logic, evidence, and emotion.

to get people to open their wallets and make a contribution

to present ideas, suggestions, and arguments

b) Match the topics of the speeches and the purpose it is to achieve

-The History of Our Company, Our Products and Services, or Introducing the New Package Design.

-Ten Steps to Being a Better Manager, What To Do in a Fire Emergency, and How to Use Your New Computerized Appointment Calendar.

-Tickle Your Funny Bone and Live Longer

-How Gerald Coffee, who spent seven years in solitary confinement in a prison camp has personally triumphed over hardships

-How Lance Armstrong overcame cancer to reclaim his championship at the Tour de France.

-Martin Luther King telling people about his dreams of a glorious future.

-Vote for Proposition 21!

-Save the Whales!

-Follow the New Safety Regulations!

-Capital Punishment Should Be Abolished!

- Multi-culturalism Is Good for Our Business!

-Sex Education Should Be Taught Early!

c) What steps does preparation of an oral presentation involve?

Consider the following and summarize how important is the preparation for controlling your nervousness and boosting your self-confidence. Put the activities in the order you think is best when making a presentation

-know the topic well

-realize that you are an expert

-do a research

- to compose a good introduction

- distill out the main, most important points

- finish with a strong conclusion

- have an idea what the background is of your audience

-never read a presentation

-outline this text for the actual presentation. - feel qualified to answer all the questions

- be credible

- make your ideas accepted

- determine the purpose of your talk

- know what you want to achieve

Reading

Presentations are brief discussions of a focused topic delivered to a group of listeners in order to impart knowledge or to stimulate discussion. They are similar to short papers with an introduction, main body and conclusion. The ability to give brief presentations is a learned skill and one that is called on frequently in the workplace.

Making a good oral presentation is an art that involves attention to the needs of your audience, careful planning, and attention to delivery.

Clear and logical delivery of your ideas and scientific results is an important component of a successful scientific career. Presentations encourage broader dissemination of your work and highlight work that may not receive attention in written form.

The rules to make a clear a logical delivery of your ideas involve the following:

Rule 1: Talk to the Audience

Rule 2: Less is More

Rule 3: Only Talk When You Have Something to Say

Rule 4: Make the Take-Home Message Persistent

Rule 5: Be Logical

Rule 6: Treat the Floor as a Stage

Rule 7: Practice and Time Your Presentation

Rule 8: Use Visuals Sparingly but Effectively

Rule 9: Review Audio and/or Video of Your Presentations

Rule 10: Provide Appropriate Acknowledgments

Oral Communication is different from written communication

Listeners have one chance to hear your talk and can't "re-read" when they get confused. In many situations, they have or will hear several talks on the same day. Being clear is particularly important if the audience can't ask questions during the talk. There are two well-known ways to communicate your points effectively. The first is to K.I.S.S. (keep it simple stupid). Focus on getting one to three key points across. Think about how much you remember from a talk last week. Second, repeat key insights: tell them what you're going to tell them (Forecast), tell them, and tell them what you told them (Summary).

Most audiences should be addressed in layers: some are experts in your sub-area, some are experts in the general area, and others know little or nothing. Who is most important to you? Can you still leave others with something? For example, pitch the body to experts, but make the forecast and summary accessible to all.

For conference talks, for example, I recommend two rhetorical goals: leave your audience with a clear picture of the gist of your contribution, and make them want to read your paper. Your presentation should not replace your paper, but rather whet the audience appetite for it. Thus, it is commonly useful to allude to information in the paper that can't be covered adequately in the presentation.

Exercise 1. Answer the following questions.

1. What is the purpose of any presentation?

2. In what way are presentations similar / different from short papers?

3. Why is a logical delivery of your ideas so important?

4. If you could set only five rules for presentation delivery what should they be?

5. What are the two best ways to communicate your points effectively?

6. What does addressing in layers imply?

7. What is the difference between your paper and your conference talk?

Exercise 2. Find words in the texts which mean the following:

1. make an indirect reference____________________________

2. plan in advance__________________________________

3. spreading_______________________________________

4. share__________________________________________.

6. knowledge gained by perceiving_____________________

7. thrifty__________________________________________

8. attempt to promote _______________________________

9. emphasize______________________________________.

10. essence_______________________________________

11. benefaction ___________________________________

Exercise 3. Match the columns to form collocations.

1. deliver one’s points

2. to stimulate skill

3. a called on accessible

4. provide acknowledgments

5. communicate the appetite for

6. make discussion

7. whet a topic

Exercise 4. Render the following text into English using active vocabulary.

Публічний виступ - це усне монологічне висловлення з метою досягнення впливу на аудиторію. У сфері ділового спілкування найбільш часто використовуються такі жанри, як доповідь, інформаційна, привітальна і торгова промова.

В основі класичної схеми ораторського мистецтва лежить 5 етапів: 1)добір необхідного матеріалу, змісту публічного виступу (inventio - «винахід»), 2)Складання плану, розподіл зібраного матеріалу в необхідній логічній послідовності (dispositio - «розташування»), 3)»Словесне вираження», літературна обробка мови (e|ocutio), 4)Завчання, запам'ятовування тексту (memoria - «пам'ять»), 5)Проголошення (pronuntiatio).

Сьогодні в ораторській діяльності виділяють 3 основних етапи: докомунікативний , комунікативний і посткомунікативний.

Підготовка до будь-якого ораторського монологу починається з визначення його теми і мети.. Назва виступу повинна бути зрозумілою , чіткою , по можливості короткою. Tеми повинні орієнтувати людей на участь в обговоренні конкретних проблем.

Починаючи розробку тексту, необхідно визначити мету виступу. Оратор повинен ясно уявляти , якої реакції він домагається. Основні цілі публічного монологу - повідомлення і вплив. Оратор може поставити задачу інформувати слухачів, дати певні відомості . Чи він розраховує схвилювати аудиторію, сформувати у людей переконання, уявлення , що стануть мотивами їхньої поведінки , тобто закликає до якихось дій . Часто ці завдання перехрещуються, сполучаються в одному виступі. Свої прагнення і задачі варто повідомити слухачам.

Важливо оцінити склад майбутньої аудиторії. Хайнц Леммерман - автор підручника з риторики – закликає заздалегідь настроїтися на своїх слухачів, поставити себе на їхнє місце, «побачити речі їх очима». Необхідні дані про тих , на кого розрахована промова - це: освітній рівень, напрямок освіти (гуманітарна, технічна ...), пізнавальні інтереси, стать , вік, ставлення до теми і до оратора.

Завжди легше говорити, звертаючись до однорідного складу (дилетанти, фахівці, колеги, студенти, люди однакових політичних поглядів і т.д.). Що однорідніша аудиторія, то більш передбачена реакція на виступ. Звертаючись до молоді, не можна загравати, лестити, повчати, дорікати в незнанні, некомпетентності, підкреслювати свою перевагу, ухилятися від гострих проблем і питань. Перед слухачами з високим рівнем професійної чи наукової підготовки не можна виступати, якщо немає нових поглядів, підходів до рішення проблеми, не можна допускати повтори, тривіальні судження, демонструвати свою перевагу, зловживати цифрами, цитатами, ухилятися від суті проблеми.

У неоднорідній (гетерогенній) аудиторії виголошувати промову сутужніше. Якщо публіка різна за складом, треба, по можливості, адресувати якийсь фрагмент кожній групі. Варто заздалегідь подумати про те, що сказати окремим, особливо авторитетним, важливим персонам, якщо ви знаєте, що вони прийдуть.

Exercise 5. Match the names of the 10 rules with their definitions.

Fill in the gaps with the prepositions and adverbs .

Rule 1: Talk to audience

Rule 2: Less is More

Rule 3: Only Talk When You Have Something to Say

Rule 4: Make the Take-Home Message Persistent

Rule 5: Be Logical

Rule 6: Treat the Floor as a Stage

Rule 7: Practice and Time Your Presentation

Rule 8: Use Visuals Sparingly but Effectively

Rule 9: Review Audio and/or Video of Your Presentations

Rule 10: Provide Appropriate Acknowledgments

( ___ )We do not mean face the audience,……………… gaining eye contact with……….. many people ………possible when you present is important since it adds a level of intimacy and comfort ………. the presentation. We mean prepare presentations that address the target audience. Be sure you know who your audience is—what are their backgrounds and knowledge level of the material you are presenting and what they are hoping to get ……. ……. the presentation? Off-topic presentations are usually boring and will not endear you …..the audience. Deliver what the audience wants to hear.

( ___ )A common mistake…. inexperienced presenters is to try to say too much. They feel the need to prove themselves …. proving …. the audience that they know a lot. ….. a result, the main message is often lost, and valuable question time is usually curtailed. Your knowledge ….the subject is best expressed ………. a clear and concise presentation that is provocative and leads ….. a dialog during the question-and-answer session when the audience becomes active participants. ….. that point, your knowledge ….. the material will likely become clear. If you do not get any questions, then you have not been following the other rules. Most likely, your presentation was either incomprehensible or trite. A side effect ….. too much material is that you talk too quickly, another ingredient …… a lost message.

( ___ )Do not be overzealous ……… what you think you will have available to present when the time comes. Research never goes … fast …. you would like. Remember the audience's time is precious and should not be abused …. presentation of uninteresting preliminary material.

( ___ )A good rule …. thumb would seem to be that if you ask a member …the audience a week later about your presentation, they should be able to remember three points. If these are the key points you were trying to get ……, you have done a good job. If they can remember any three points, but not the key points, then your emphasis was wrong. It is obvious what it means if they cannot recall three points!

( ___ )Think ….. the presentation …. a story. There is a logical flow—a clear beginning, middle, and an end. You set the stage (beginning), you tell the story (middle), and you have a big finish (the end) where the take-home message is clearly understood.

( ____ )Presentations should be entertaining, but do not overdo it and do know your limits. If you are not humorous by nature, do not try and be humorous. If you are not good at telling anecdotes, do not try and tell anecdotes, and so on. A good entertainer will captivate the audience and increase the likelihood of obeying Rule 4.

( ____ )This is particularly important for inexperienced presenters. Even more important, when you give the presentation, stick … what you practice. It is common to deviate, and even worse to start presenting material that you know less about than the audience does. The more you practice, the less likely you will be to go …. on tangents. Visual cues help here. The more presentations you give, the better you are going to get. …. a scientific environment, take every opportunity to do journal club and become a teaching assistant if it allows you to present. An important talk should not be given …. the first time …. an audience ….peers. You should have delivered it ….. your research collaborators who will be kinder and gentler but still point …. obvious discrepancies. Laboratory group meetings are a fine forum for this.

( ____ )Presenters have different styles … presenting. Some can captivate the audience with no visuals (rare); others require visual cues and …. addition, depending …. the material, may not be able to present a particular topic well ………. the appropriate visuals such as graphs and charts. Preparing good visual materials will be the subject of a further Ten Simple Rules. This rule will help you to define the right number …visuals …. a particular presentation. A useful rule ….thumb for us is if you have more than one visual …. each minute you are talking, you have too many and you will run …. time. Obviously some visuals are quick, others take time to get the message across; again Rule 7 will help. Avoid reading the visual unless you wish to emphasize the point explicitly, the audience can read, too! The visual should support what you are saying either …. emphasis or with data to prove the verbal point. Finally, do not overload the visual. Make the points few and clear.

( _____ )There is nothing more effective ….. listening …., or listening …. and viewing, a presentation you have made. Violations ….the other rules will become obvious. Seeing what is wrong is easy, correcting it the next time around is not. You will likely need to break bad habits that lead ….the violation of the other rules. Work hard … breaking bad habits; it is important.

( _____ )People love to be acknowledged …. their contributions. Having many gratuitous acknowledgements degrades the people who actually contributed. If you defy Rule 7, then you will not be able to acknowledge people and organizations appropriately, … you will run …. …. time. It is often appropriate to acknowledge people at the beginning or …. the point ….their contribution so that their contributions are very clear.