Text №1 starch.

Starch is composed of many molecules of glucose and is one of the important carbohydrates in plants. Therefore it is one of the chief nutrients in the feed of farm animals. Most plants store their reserve food as starch ,which is deposited in the form of starch grain. They have a characteristic size and shape in each kind of plant. We can examine the starch grains in plant products under a microscope and determine their source.

When plants are growing , they commonly store starch in the special parts that later nourish the new plants that develop. Thus, nearly all seeds are rich in starch ,especially the cereal grains. For example, corn, wheat, rye all have 60 percent or more of starch..

Starch is also stored in large amounts in certain fruits, such as apples, and in such underground parts as potato tubers. Starch is insoluble in water and therefore must be changed to sugar by an enzyme before it can be carried from one part to another. Since starch is readily digested by animals , it has a high food value being equal to the sugars. No starch is found in the bodies of animals , but reserve food is stored to some extent in the form of glycogen ,or animal starch.

Exercises:

1.Answer the following questions:

1.Where is starch stored? 2. What seeds are especially rich in starch? 3. In what fruits is starch stored? 4. Is starch soluble in water?.5. How is starch digested by animals?

2. Make up sentences with the following adverbs: therefore, thus, readily, since.

3. Put the words in the proper order:

1.insoluble…water…in…starch…is. 2. called …glycogen…starch...is…animal. 3.contain…starch…apples…much. 4.have…size…these…characteristic…grains…a…and…shape…starch. 5. can …microscope…we…under…examine…the starch grains.

4.Translate into Russian paying attention to the Present Continuous Tense.

1. In all living tissues changes are continually taking place. 2. Scientists are trying to develop new methods of analysis. 3. We are going to finish this experiment in a few days. 4. The students are working with the electron microscope in the laboratory now.

5.Translate into Russian.

1.Corn, rye, wheat are grown in all parts of EUROPE. 2. Glycogen is formed to some extend by the other tissues of the body , especially by muscles. 3. Starch is the reserve food material of many seeds especially those of cereals and legumes. It occurs also in roots , tubers and fruit. 5. Some cereal grains contain as much as 70 percent of starch. Potatoes contain about 20 percent of it.

6. Give the English equivalents for:

до некоторой степени, сельскохозяйственные животные, нерастворимый в воде, некоторые фрукты, основные питательные вещества, от одной части растения к другой, исследовать под микроскопом.

Text №2

Vitamines required forgrowth.

Suckling animals receive plenty of vitamin A in the milk if their dams are fed suitable rations. When they are weaned , care must be taken that sufficient of this vitamin is furnished by well-cured hay, good pasture or other green feed, or by yellow corn.

In the case of calves changed from whole milk to skim milk or milk substitutes at an early age it is especially important that they be furnished with choice , green –coloured hay as soon as they will eat it, to provide both vitamin A and vitamin D.

Young stock on pasture will not suffer from a lack of vitamin D ,because of the effect of the ultra-violet rays in sunlight.

Under winter conditions ,however, young pigs are often severely crippled or even paralysed by rickets, caused by a lack of this vitamin. Also calves often suffer from rickets, and they may be stunted and badly deformed as a result. These conditions can usually be entirely prevented by the use of well-cured legume hay. Lambs rarely have rickets ,probably because they eat much hay , and all good shepherds make a special effort to supply them with hay of good quality.

With the exception of poultry ,which need particularly liberal amounts of riboflavin, there is generally no lack of the other vitamins in the rations commonly fed to young stock.

TEXT№ 3

Mineral requirements for Growth.

Farm Animals.

TEXT №4

Classes of Animals.

The ordinary farm animals belong to the large group known as Vertebrata, or animals with a backbone.

Fishes, amphibians ,reptiles, birds, and mammals all have a backbone. All of these animals do not suckle their young ,but the ordinary farm animals do, and hence they are classified as Mammalia. (Mamma is the Latin word for breast)

The capability to produce milk is one of the distinctive features of this group.

All domestic animals are divided into the three main classes : herbivorous, carnivorous, omnivorous.

Herbivorous animals are those that live chiefly on plants. These are cattle, deer, horses, sheep, rabbits. As they consume coarse food ,e.g. leaves and stems of plants, they need considerably larger amount of common salt than is supplied by their usual feeds.

The cow ,the ox, the sheep, and the goat belong to the ruminants (animals which chew the cud).Unlike the pig they are capable of digesting a large quantity of coarse ,fibrous material due to their compound stomachs.

Carnivorous (flesh-eating animals) such as cats, dogs, sharks ,etc. need no additional salt because they live on the bodies of other animals.

Omnivorous animals , such as pigs, bears, rats and others utilize both plant and animal food.

EXERCISES: