6.3 Study the following information and compare it with the Russian system of training.

Student Training

Students in England are trained in one of the following ways:

(1) at a university, where they first take a degree in some subject(s) and then a Postgraduate Diploma/Certificate in Education in the faculty/department of education;

(2) at a college of education, where they take either a degree course leading to the Bachelor of Education, or a shorter, less academic course leading to the Student Certificate. Both courses combine the study of the subject(s) to be taught with student training;

(3) at a college of higher education, where they take the Diploma in Higher Education, and then a student training course leading either to the Bachelor of Education or the Student Certificate.

Students with a degree are called graduate students (or simply graduates) and those with a Teacher's Certificate - certificated teachers or non-graduate teachers (or non-graduates).

The university institutes of education are establishments attached to а university which supervise and coordinate the training of teachers in their areas, approve syllabuses for the Teacher's Certificate examinations and conduct these examinations. They also provide service training and carry out research.

Teacher training, whether at а college of education, college of higher education or in the education faculty/department of а university, includes: lectures on educational history, theory, psychology; classes and seminars on teaching methods; teaching practice.

6.4 Read the text and try to explain what is to be a graduate student.

A Graduate Student

In England а graduate is not а student but simply а person who has graduated, that is, taken а first degree, either at university or other institution providing higher education courses. It implies а contrast with non-graduate, that is, а person with а qualification other than а degree.

e.g. а). These jobs are open to graduates.

b). Graduates earn more than non-graduates.

Graduate can also be used in the sense of "выпускник".

e.g. а). Many British prime ministers have been graduates of Oxford (or Oxford graduates).

b). University graduates often have difficulty in finding jobs nowadays.

In American English, however, graduate is used differently. When attributive it generally corresponds to British English postgraduate, as in graduate student and graduate work.

It denotes a person who has received а degree or diploma from any educational institution, including high school and the expressions high school graduate and college/university graduate occur frequently. It follows from this that graduate cannot be used alone to denote а person with а higher educational qualification, as in British English.

6.5 Compare the given difference of the verbs “to learn” and “to study”.

What is the peculiar in their meaning and usage?

‘To learn’, ‘to study’ and alternatives

To learn means "to get knowledge of (some subject) or skill in (some activity), either by reading, having lessons, or by experience";

Learn may have either an imperfective meaning (as in exam- or а perfective meaning. It may mean to learn by heart", as in:

I want you to learn the scientific terms (by heart) for next lesson.

To study means "to give time and attention to gaining knowledge, especially from books, to pursue some branch of knowledge". Unlike to learn, it applies only to knowledge, not skill, or ability to dо something. Thus one can learn to read, to type, to cook, to play the piano, etc. but not study. (Study is used with to only in the sense of "in order to", as in He's studying to be а programmer.)

With the names of subjects, for example, history/English/ physics, etc. either learn or study are possible:

In the second form many pupils study two foreign languages.

He studied history of Microsoft.

In practice, however, the two verbs are not interchangeable. Study is restricted mainly to formal style. In non-formal style learn is preferred, at least with reference to elementary or practical knowledge, such as one acquires at school or at evening classes, for example. For instance we say:

Не learns/is learning English/history/physics at school.

If we meet а foreign visitor who speaks Russian we ask:

- Where did you learn Russian?

Study in such cases, besides being too formal for the situation, would imply an advanced, theoretical course, for example, а degree course at university.

Study (English/history/physics, etc.) is more widely used with reference to advanced, theoretical knowledge, such as one acquires at university or college.

He's studying English at university.

Even here, however, study sounds rather formal, and tends to be replaced in conversation and informal writing by the more colloquial dо. Learn here would imply а more practical, elementary course.

With the names of authors and their works, periods оf history, subjects of investigation, etc. study, but never learn is used.

When there is no object, learn refers to the process of acquiring knowledge:

Some students learn more quickly than others.

He doesn't want to learn.

Study with no object generally means "to be а student". He's studying at Taganrog State University of Radio Engineering.

He published several articles while he was still studying.

Note that we dо not say: “He studies at school/in the first form”, but:

He's at school or He goes to school.

He's in the first form .

Neither learn nor study is appropriate here, nor in the translation of such Russian sentences as: “Как он учится? Он хорошо/плохо учится”.

Here we say, for example:

- How's he getting on at school/college/university?

- Не's getting on (doing very well) at school/college/university.

To read is sometimes used in the sense of "to study" with reference to universities, mainly of the humanities. - She is reading English. (=She's studying English at university.)

- He reads history at Cambridge.

This use of read can be explained by the fact that formerly students spent most of their time reading books recommended by their tutor rather than attending lectures and classes.

The following verbs are widely used in conversation and in formal writing instead of learn or study:

e.g.

- he's doing English this year.

- they dо two foreign languages in the third form.

- I did French for five years at school, but I can't speak а word.

- mу son's doing engineering.