Exercises

1. Translate the following words into Russian.

Morphology, identification, structure, branch, bioscience, concern, feature, contrast, physiology, function, outward, appearance, internal, bone, organs, gross, derive, breath, colloquially, non human, vertebrate, kingdom, divide, introduce, hierarchical, classification, discover, evolutionary, relationship, exist, microscopic, initially, move, separated, Vermes, Pisces, Aves, Mammalian, Reptile,Amphibian, Insecta, phylum, comparative, anatomy: pattern, inside, body, taxonomical, catorization, functional, perform, experimental, model, effect.

2. Give Russian equivalents of the following word combinations:

Animal morphology, identification and analysis of morphemes structure of animals, a branch of bioscience, structure of organisms, their special features, the outward appearance, internal structure, bones and organs of an animal, the gross structure of animal, have breath, like mammals and vertebrates, plants and animals, hierarchical classification of animals, evolutionary relationship, between the group of animals, microscopic protozoa, among three classes of kingdom, class of single phylum, as the source, comparative anatomy, the study of analysis pattern, the taxonomical catorization bases, functional morphology, according to the function, experimental morphology:

3. Put special questions to the following sentences:

1. Animal morphology is a branch of bioscience that concerns more about the study the form and structure of organisms and their special features. 2. Animal word was derived from Latin word ‘animalis’ and it refers to have breath. 3.Aristotle was the first to divide the plants and animals in the living world. 4.Carolus Linnaeus has first introduced hierarchical classification of animals. 5.The biologists discovered the evolutionary relationship that exists in between the group of animals. 6.Comparative anatomy studies the analysis patterns which are found inside the body of an organisms.

4. Give the definitions:

Animal morphology, comparative anatomy, functional morphology, experimental morphology.

5. Retell the text

Text 8: Bird Anatomy and Bird Parts

B irds are one of the few animals that have developed the ability to fly. Every part from the skeleton to the feathers has evolved to aid in flight. The skeleton, while using the same general design of other vertebrates has some distinct differences. The skull is very light in proportion to the rest of the body because there are no teeth for chewing, or any heavy jaw or jaw muscles. The job of grinding up food is performed by the gizzard. This means the skull is usually around 1 percent of the body weight. The bones are hollow with strut like structures inside. This makes them light while still making them strong enough for flight. The

forelimbs have developed into wings.

The wings are composed of the humerus or upper arm, and the radius or ulna, which makes up the forearm with wrist, and hand bones. The forearm supports the secondary feathers, and the fused wrist, and hand bones support the primary feathers. The joints have added strength because they have limited movement.

The skeleton has many modifications to allow birds to walk on their hind legs. The muscles have also evolved for flight. The important muscles for flight run between the upper arm, and the breast. There are two pairs of flight muscles. The larger pair called the pectoralis major contracts for the down stroke. The pectoralis minor handles the upstroke, which needs far less power.

The body is the third part of this design for flight. It is very streamlined to reduce friction. The smooth surface of the feathers reduces the friction even more.

The tail consisting entirely of feathers aids in maneuvering. The legs will usually be tucked under the body when flying so they don't affect the flight.

Beaks of birds are varied depending on the species, and are specialized for their particular diet. In most birds they are light to save weight for flight. Bird beaks are bony structures covered with keratin, much like our fingernails.