2. Answer the questions:

1. How are robots used in manufacturing?

2. What is <material handling>?

3. What does a robot need to be equipped with to do loading and unloading operations?

4. What does robot manipulate in robotic processing operation?

5. What is the most common application of robots in automobile manufacturing?

6. What operations could be done by robot in car manufacturing industry?

7. What are the main reasons to use robots in production?

8. How can robots inspect the quality of production?

9. What operations could be done by robots in hazardous or uncomfortable for the human workers conditions?

3. Translate into English:

1.Существует несколько различных сфер использования автоматизации в производстве.

2.Для использования жесткой автоматизации необходимы большие инвестиции.

3.Жесткая автоматизация широко используется в химической промышленности.

4.Станки с числовым программным управлением - хороший пример программируемой автоматизации.

5.Гибкая автоматизация делает возможным перепрограммирование оборудования.

6.Время простая оборудования оборачивается большими убытками.

7.Использование гибкой автоматизации делает возможным производство разнообразной продукции.

СРС 2

Read the text: Transmission Technology

Most transmission — at least most transmission in the local exchange plant — is analog in nature. That is, the signal being transmitted varies continuously, both in frequency and in amplitude. A high-pitched voice mostly contains high frequencies; a low-pitched voice contains low frequencies. A loud voice contains a high-amplitude signal; a soft voice contains a low-amplitude signal. En the long-distance network, and more and more in the local exchange plant, digital transmission is being used. A digital signal is comprised of a stream of is and Os that portray the analog voice signal by means of a code. Analog signals can be combined (i.e., multiplexed) by combining them with a carrier frequency. When there is more than one channel, this is called frequency division multiplexing (FDM). FDM was used extensively in the past but now has generally been replaced with the digital equivalent: time division multiplexing (TDM). The most popular TDM system is known as tier I (Ti). In a TI system, an analog voice channel is sampled 8,000 times per second, and each sample is encoded into a 7-bit byte. Twenty-four such channels are mixed on these two copper pairs and transmitted at a bit rate of 1.544 megabits per second. Ti remains an important method of transmitting voice and data in the PSTN Such a digital transmission scheme (and certainly there are modifications of it that improve efficiency, capacity, or quality, etc.) works hand in glove with the digital-switching schemes we talked about previously. Those Is and Os need not be transmitted through an actual circuit in that switch; rather, one can simply turn on and off the various electronic devices that make up that switch. Thus a talking path (i.e.. a switched circuit) in the PSTN can be either analog or digital or a combination thereto En fact, a digital signal can be transmitted over a packet-switched network as easily as a circuit-switched network. Now if we consider the next step, we see that digitized voice is not very different from data, and if data can be transmitted over a packet network, then so can digitized voice. This, of course, is now known as voice over the Internet. The challenge, of course, is to get the transmitted signal to the destination fast enough. After all, this may well be a time-sensitive voice conversation. A second challenge is to get each packet, which is a small piece of a voice conversation, to the destination in the proper order. Progress is being made, and we can well believe that packet switching will play an important role in the PSTN of tomorrow.

2. Read the text and answer the following questions. 1. What kinds of transmission are used in local exchange plants and in long- distance networks? 2. What is the most popular TDM system? Describe it. 3. What kinds of a talking path are in the PS1’N? 4. How can a digital signal be transmitted? 5. What challenges are given in the text?

3. Find all the abbreviations in the text and give their meanings.

4. Make up a list of terms you can find in the text. Translate them into Russian.

5. Make up 10 sentences of your own with the terms used in the text. Let your neighbor translate their Russian versions into English, then change the parts.

6. Read the text and follow the instructions.

СРС 3

Read the text: SOLAR ENERGY

Our sun, although it is not the largest star in our universe, is a gigantic body. If we make a non-stop flight around it in an airplane at a speed of 200 miles per hour, it will require 565 days to go around it at the equator. The diameter of the sun is about 964,392 miles.

The sun has a surface temperature of about 100,000ºF. Scientists have calculated that its internal temperature is about 9,000,000ºF. They were of different opinion as to the source of the sun’s heat. All of the earlier hypotheses were quite unable to explain such great quantities of energy.

Modern research into the atom indicated that under certain conditions matter it self may be transformed into energy. It is now though that the source of the sun’s energy results from nuclear fissions and is practically unlimited.

The earth’s surface receives energy from the sun in enormous quantities. But only half of the energy that strikes our atmosphere ever reaches the earth’s surface, while the rest is reflected and absorbed by the air.

What can be done with this vast amount of power? Let us briefly review how man utilizes the sun’s energy.

Man has used and is still using solar energy through photosynthesis as one of his sources of heat and power. Another way to use solar heat for cooking and house heating. The future will undoubtedly bring us a lot of new applications of solar energy.

COMMENTARY

non-stop flight - беспосадочный полёт

it is now thought - в настоящее время предполагают