- •Grammatical structure of the english language
- •§ 1. Languages may be synthetic and analytical according to their grammatical structure.
- •§ 3. However, the structure of a language is never purely synthetic or purely analytical. Accordingly in the English language there are:
- •§ 4. Owing to the scarcity of synthetic forms the order of words, which is fixed in English, acquires extreme importance: The fisherman caught a fish.
- •§ 5. One of the marked features of the English language is the extensive use of substitutes. A word substitute saves the repetition of a word in certain conditions. Here belong one, that, do.
- •General classification of the parts of speech
- •§ 4. Morphological composition of nouns.
- •§ 3. The noun has certain syntactical characteristics.
- •§ 5. Classification of nouns.
- •§ 6. The category of number.
- •§ 7. The category of case.
- •§ 1. General notion.
- •§ 2. The use of the indefinite article with class nouns.
- •§ 5. With nouns of material used in a general sense, when a certain material as such is meant, no article is used.
- •§ 8. When abstract nouns are used in a general sense, no article is used.
- •§ 18. The use of the indefinite article with nouns in set expressions.
- •Use of articles with proper nouns
- •§ 12. Names of persons.
- •§ 13. Geographical names.
- •§ 14. Names of hotels, ships, newspapers and magazines.
- •§ 15. Names of cardinal points.
- •§ 16. Names of months and days.
- •§ 17. The use of articles with nouns modified by proper nouns.
- •§ 21. The use of articles with predicative nouns.
- •§ 22. The use of articles with nouns in apposition.
- •§ 23. Class nouns used in address take no article.
- •§ 24. Place of the article.
- •§ 25. Ways of expressing the meaning of the English articles in Russian.
- •Special difficulties in the use of articles
- •§ 26. The use of articles with the nouns day, night, morning, evening.
- •§ 27. The use of articles with names of seasons.
- •§ 28. The use of articles with the nouns school, college, bed, prison, jail.
- •§ 29. The use of articles with the noun town.
- •§ 30. The use of articles with the names of meals.
- •§ 31. The use of articles with names of languages.
- •Use of articles with nouns modified by certain adjectives, pronouns and numerals
- •§ 32. Most.
- •§ 33. Few, a few, the few; little, a little, the little.
- •§ 34. Two, the two; three, the three, etc.
- •§ 35. The second, a second.
- •§ 36. Another, the other.
- •§ 37. Last, the last.
- •§ 38. Next, the next.
- •§ 39. A number, the number.
- •§ 2. The adjective has the following morphological characteristics:
- •§ 3. Spelling rules.
- •§ 4. The adjective has the following syntactical characteristics: In a sentence the adjective may be used as an attribute or as a predicative.
- •§ 5. Morphological composition of the adjective.
- •§ 6. Classification of adjectives.
- •§ 7. Grammatical characteristics of qualitative adjectives.
- •§ 8. Grammatical characteristics of relative adjectives.
- •§ 9. Substantivized adjectives.
- •The pronoun
- •§ 2. Classification of pronouns.
- •§ 3. Personal pronouns.
- •§ 4. Possessive pronouns.
- •Conjoint forms of possessive pronouns
- •Absolute forms of possessive pronouns
- •§ 5. Reflexive pronouns.
- •§ 6. Reciprocal pronouns.
- •§ 7. Demonstrative pronouns.
- •§ 8. Interrogative pronouns.
- •§ 9. Relative pronouns.
- •§ 10. Conjunctive pronouns.
- •§ 11. Defining pronouns.
- •§ 12. Indefinite pronouns.
- •§ 13. Negative pronouns.
- •The numeral
- •§ 2. Cardinal numerals.
- •§ 3. The functions of cardinal numerals in a sentence.
- •§ 4. Ordinal numerals.
- •§ 5. The functions of ordinal numerals in a sentence.
- •The words of the category of state
- •§ 2. As regards form the words of the category of state have the prefix a-: ablaze, afire, aflame, afoot, afraid, asleep, awake, etc.
- •§ 3. They are mainly used in the function of a predicative.
- •§ 4. Words of the category of state can be modified by adverbs of degree:
- •The adverb
- •§ 1. The adverb is a part of speech which expresses some circumstances that attend an action or state, or points out some characteristic features of an action or a quality.
- •§ 2. As to their structure adverbs are divided into:
- •§ 3. Some adverbs have degrees of comparison.
- •§ 4. According to their meaning adverbs fall under several groups:
§ 5. With nouns of material used in a general sense, when a certain material as such is meant, no article is used.
Honey is wholesome.
On hearing what had happened, she (Katie) ran for warm water... (Voynich)
When an indefinite part of the substance is meant, some is used.
We took some bread and cheese with us, and got some goat’s milk up there on
the pasture. (Voynich)
Nouns of material denoting different sorts of material are countables and the articles are used according to the general use of articles with class nouns.
A pleasure to give a good wine to a young woman who looked so well.
(Galsworthy)
This use is very rare.
ABSTRACT NOUNS
§ 8. When abstract nouns are used in a general sense, no article is used.
While there is life there is hope.
§ 10. Abstract nouns can be used with the indefinite article. In this case the abstract noun denotes a certain kind (оттенок) of a quality, feeling, state, etc. The noun nearly always has a descriptive attribute.
How clever you are, Mr. Hopper. You have a cleverness quite of your own.
(Wilde)
In her eyes there was an eagerness, which could hardly be seen without
delight. (Austen)
(On the use of articles with countable abstract nouns see note on page 30.)
§ 11. The indefinite article is used with the nouns period, population, distance, height, salary etc. followed by of + numeral + noun.
Simpson was out of the city for a period of ten days. (Dreiser)
§ 18. The use of the indefinite article with nouns in set expressions.
1. in a hurry — второпях |
Things done in a hurry are done badly. |
2. to have a mind to do something (a great mind, a good mind) — иметь желание что-либо сделать, быть склонным что-либо сделать |
I have a great mind to have a serious talk with her. |
3. to fly into a passion — прийти в бешенство |
If you contradict him, he will fly into a passion. |
4. to get in a fury (in a rage) — прийти в ярость |
If you contradict him, he will get in a fury (in a rage). |
5. to take a fancy to (chiefly with names of living beings) — проникнуться симпатией, почувствовать расположение |
I wonder why she took a fancy to the little girl. |
6. in a low (loud) voice — тихо (громко) |
Don’t speak in a low voice. |
7. a great many (with count-ables) — много |
I have spoken to him a great many times. |
8. a great deal (with uncount-ables) — много |
We can’t skate to-day, there is a great deal of snow on the ice. |
9. it is a pity — жаль |
It is a pity you did not go to the concert last night. |
10. it is a shame — стыдно |
It is a shame not to know these elementary things. |
11. it is a pleasure — приятно |
It is a pleasure to read beautiful poetry. |
12. as a result — в результате |
As a result of the inhabitants’ strenuous efforts the damaged city was soon rebuilt. |
13. to have a good time — хорошо провести время |
Last night we went to an evening party and had a very good time. |
14. to be at a loss — быть в недоумении |
She was at a loss what to say. |
15. at a glance — сразу, с первого взгляда |
She saw at a glance that something had happened. |