- •The notion of the morpheme. Types of morphemes. Morphs and allomorphs
- •The adjective is a part of speech expressing a quality of a substance.
- •There are three verbals in English: the participle, the gerund and the infinitive.
- •According to their meaning interjections fall under two main groups; namely emotional interjections and imperative interjections.
- •I spoke with him concerning our lessons. He did it well considering the difficulties he had to meet.
- •Intensifying particles: simply, still, just, yet, all, but, only, quite, even, etc.
According to their meaning interjections fall under two main groups; namely emotional interjections and imperative interjections.
1) Emotional interjections express the feeling, of the speaker. They are ah, oh, eh, bravo, alas. etc.
Oh. Bother! 1 can't see anyone now. Who is it now?
2) Imperative interjections show the will of the speaker or his order or appeal to the hearer.
They are here hush.sh-sh. well. come. now. etc.
Here! we had enough of this. I'm going.
The preposition is part of speech which denotes the relations between object and phenomena. It shows the relations between a verb, another noun, an adjective and sometimes an adverb. Usually the prepositions are not stressed and stands before the word it refers to. E g. Desert moved quickly to the windows.
According to their meaning prepositions are often divided into those of:
Place and direction - in, on, below, under, at, to, from;
Time - after, before, in, at;
Cause - because of, owing to;
Purpose -for, in order to.
Morphological classification of prepositions
With regard to their forms prepositions are divided into:
a) Simple prepositions such as: at, by, in, on, etc.
b) Compound prepositions formed by two simple prepositions. In the compound prepositions one preposition supplements the meaning of the other: within, out of, upon, into, throughout.
c) Participial (converted from participles): concerning, during, past, regarding, respecting, considering:
I spoke with him concerning our lessons. He did it well considering the difficulties he had to meet.
d) Phrase prepositions (usually consisting of a noun preceded and followed by a preposition): by means of, in consequence of, on account of, with regard to, in front of, in spite of etc.
The conjunction is a part of speech which denotes connection between objects and phenomenally connects parts of the sentence, clauses, and sentences. Conjunctions are structural words that serve to connect words or phrases as well as clauses or sentence: Conjunctions may be single words. But, or, or, as, while, because, though, etc) phrases consisting of more than one words. In order that, on condition (that), as soon as, as long as. As if as though, etc.) And also correlative conjunctions are always used in pairs. Both ... and, either ... or, not only ... but also, as ... as, etc).
According to their role in the sentence, conjunctions fall into two groups:
Coordinating conjunctions. And, but, or, either, besides, moreover, likewise, both... and yet.
Subordinating conjunctions-that, if whether, as. Though, since, when, until, as long as, before, alter, because, unless, so. Many of the subordinating conjunctions introduce different kinds of clauses. For instance that may introduce subject clauses, object clauses, predicative clauses, and adverbial clauses of purpose and of result.
Coordinating conjunctions connect words, phrases, clauses or sentences which are independent of each other. Thus, the class of coordinating conjunctions, according to their meaning correspond to different type of compound sentences.
Here are four different kinds of coordinating conjunctions.
1) Copula live conjunctions: and. nor. As well as, both, and, only ... but (also), neither ... nor. Copula live conjunctions chiefly denote that one statement or fact is simply added to another (nor and neither express their relation in the negative sense). He went on as a statue would: that is. He neither spoke nor moved.
2) Disjunctive conjunctions: or. Either... Or else, else. Disjunctive conjunctions offer some choice one statement and another.
3) Adversative conjunctions: but. While, whereas. Adversative conjunctions show that the one statement or fact is contrasted with or set against another. His nerves had become blunted, numb, while his mind was filled with weird vision and delicious dreams.
4) Causative-consecutive conjunctions: Causative-consecutive conjunctions denote consequence, result, or reason. By these conjunctions one statement or fact is inferred or proved from another. He had gone sonic miles away, and was not expected home until late at night; so the landlady dispatched the same messenger in all haste for Mr. Pecksniff.
According to their morphological structure conjunctions are divided into the following groups:
Simple conjunctions (and, or, but, till, after, that, so, where, when, etc.)
Some of the simple conjunctions are homonymous with prepositions, adverbs, and pronouns.
Derivative conjunctions (until, unless, etc.)
Compound conjunctions (however, whereas, wherever, etc.) These conjunctions are few.
Composite conjunctions (as well as, as long as, in case, for fear (that), on the ground that, for the reason that, etc.)
Some conjunctions are used in pairs (correlatively): both... and, either ... or, not only ... but (also), neither ... not, whether ... or.
The article is a structural word specifying the noun. The absence of the article, which may he called the zero articles, also specifies the noun and has significance.
Article is a determining unit of specific nature accompanying the noun in communicative collocation.
Here are two articles in English which are called the definite and the indefinite. The indefinite article is used when one wish to name an object (a thing, a person, an animal or an abstract notion) to state what kind of object is meant. There came a tap at the door, and a small elderly man entered. The zero article is compared with unstressed some. And used in the following cases:
a) With plural countable nouns:
Teachers should be competent.
b) Some institutions of human life and society:
Be in town, be in bed, be in prison.
c) Times of by and night: at sunrise, by night, after nightfall, day -by-day.
d) Seasons: In spring, in summer, winter is coming.
e) Meals: stay for breakfast, have brunch, before tea, after dinner, for supper.
f) Illnesses: appendicitis, influenza.
g) Parallel structures: arm in arm, face to face, eye to eye, from right to left.
h) Fixed phrases involving prepositions: on foot, in turn, out of step, on top of, by way, set fire to, take advantage of.
The particles have no independent lexical meaning of their own. Nor do they perform an independent syntactic function in the sentence. They only serve to emphasize a word, a phrase or a clause in the sentence. according to their meaning particles fall under the following main groups:
Limiting particles: only, just, but, alone, solely, merely, barely, etc.
