13. Why do the people leave state of nature (VII)? Are we solitary beings or political animals? Compare Aristotle and Locke in this respect

Люди хотят защитить свое имущество. Каждый человек - субъект естественного права и может применять его в случае угрозы. Люди в естественном состоянии заводят собственность, прикладывая к окружающим предметам (в том числе земле) свой труд, и потом, обменивая между собой результаты своего труда, приходят к появлению денег и способности аккумулировать большое количество собственности. В этих обстоятельствах универсальные законы естественного состояния, основанные на инстинктах, уже не так хорошо защищают свободу человека и собственность. Таким образом, люди организуют гражданское общество для защиты. Войдя в это общество, человек отказывается от характерных для естественного состояния свобод и права исполнять универсальный закон. Вместо этого в обществе устанавливается судебная власть для разрешения споров между членами и свод законов, которым все должны повиноваться, а также исполнительная власть, способная обеспечить претворение закона в жизнь. Гражданское общество действительно до тех пор, пока три ветви общественной власти служат для наилучшего соблюдения интересов людей, которые его сформировали, отказавшись от своих естественных прав.

14. Is marriage permanent or not for Locke?

The family as the first society compare with Rousseaus second stage of the state of nature in DOI.

Locke conjectures on the reason for the greater duration of human couples than in the animal world: because the female is capable of conceiving, and de facto is commonly with child again, and brings forth too a new birth, long before the former is out of a dependency

man makes the decisions as the abler and the stronger BUT has no more power over his wife than she has over him.(POINT: to show that the supposed natural right of a monarch cannot be traced to this kind of power)

Point of marriage: procreation and mutual support

15. How do we enter into social contract, and what kind of government do we create (IV, 22)? How does he justify the rule of the majority?

Security, protection and preservation of natural rights.

the commonwealth only has powers because they were given to it by individuals, and thus the commonwealth can have no more power than individuals could give to it.

�89. 2 ways of joining society by consent

FOUNDING: �where-ever any number of men, in the state of nature, enter into society to make one people, one body politic, under one supreme gov.t� (this is the social contract)

JOINING: �when any one joins himself to, and incorporates with, any government already made�

��90-94 CRITIQUE OF ABSOLUTISM (Anti-Hobbes)

absolute monarchy cannot be a civil society, because the end of civil society is to avoid the inconveniences of having no independent arbiter, so why would anyone agree to a situation where the king is above any arbiter?

In fact, you�re worse off in an absolutist state, because the king has the power of the state behind him (agreeing to an absolutist state would be like escaping from foxes only to be devoured by a lion [�93])

How consent forms a body politic...

�96. ...governed by majority rule

�97. SUM:

And thus, every man, by consenting with others to make one body politic under one government, puts himself under an obligation, to every one of that society, to submit to the determination of the majority, and to be concluded by it; or else this original compact, whereby he with others incorporates into one society, would signify nothing

�98. Why majority rule must be assumed: otherwise no societies would last any time at all (reference to LEVIATHAN, i.e. Hobbes).