Symptoms of lungs disease

There are the followings groups of symptoms of lungs disease: morphological and functional.

Among the numerous symptoms of the lungs pathology basic are the changes of transparency of the pulmonary field, change of the lungs roots, lung pattern, diaphragm position and organs of mediastinum.

Order of lungs sciagram studing:

Anterior al sciagram: 1. General review of sciagram (an estimation of quality, rightness of pacient`carriage, general orientation - is a size and form of thorax, topography of thorasic cavity organs. 2. Study of the walls of thorasic cavity (volume and structure of soft tissues, state of bone skeleton - shoulder-blades, ribs, collar-bones, and vertebrae), diaphragm position and form, state of sines. 3. A study of lungs is a general comparative estimation of the right and the left lungs (transparency, area, and form), detailed study of different departments, lobes, lung pattern, and roots. 4. A study of mediastinal organs is a position and form of heart, large vessels, trachea and other

Lateral sciagram: on the lateral sciagrams the studies are conduct in the same order (it is necessary to draw lungs schematically, lobes, and segments, to show sines, root and other).

In order to learn how to find the signs of lungs diseases, it is necessary to know well a norm, have a concept about a lung pattern.

SCIALOGY is science about shadow`s formation and signs which appear by X-ray photography examination.

In lungs the basic function of which is an interchange of gases, there can be morphological and functional signs of disease.

Signs which are accompanied by a change of lungs airiness, belong to MORPHOLOGICAL - compression or vice versa increase of lungs airiness. The compressions are the processes which are accompanied by the increase of tissue amount in a unit of volume; brightening are the processes which are accompanied diminishing of tissue amount in a unit of volume. A large value has the state of the lung pattern.

Some lungs diseases are accompanied by diminishing or complete absence of air in the teethridges is the so-called symptom of compression. To such diseases belong: pneumonia, tuberculosis, tumours, cysts and other, they are so-called interpulmonal processes. But the transparency of pulmonary tissue can reduse and extrapulmonal processes liquid in a pleura cavity, tumours of soft tissues of thorasic wall, ribs and others. That is why it is very important to distinguish intrapulmonal and extrapulmonal process on the row of signs.

Other diseases are accompanied by the increase of airiness or pneumatization of lungs (emphysema, air cysts, dystrophy of lungs and other cavernous formations). In part of cases an increase of airiness also can be extrapulmonal due to the accumulation of air in a pleural cavity.

And the third sign of changes in lungs is a process in intermediate tissue, near the bronches and vessels; in so-called stroma. These changes can be conditioned inflammatory infiltration of stroma, germination of tumour, accumulation of liquid at an edema or stagnation, whether vessels, which are a component pulmonar pattern which is at stagnation in lungs through violation of blood circulation in a small circle, can broaden.

To define to which disease belongs one or other sign it is necessary to find out general and partial signs, which can be possible united at first in syndromes, and after that to make internal syndromic diagnostics for clarification of concrete disease. Every sign of pulmonary pathology must be characterized after the following signs: PO-NU-FO-SI IN-PA-KO-S (position, number, form, sizes, intensity, pattern, contours, and structure).

The described signs characterize any shade which appears at roentgenological examination as in healthy so in sick people.

In order that to master more easily the symptoms of diseases, it is necessary to remember, that localization of compression or area of reduced airiness can be widespread on a whole lung or lobe, and can be limited a segment or his part. Number of educations - single or plural.

The SIZES: 0,1-0,3 sm - miliar (it acinus), focuss of average - to 4-6mm and large - to 1-1,5 sm in a diameter. It is necessary to specify their sizes at a description of more large educations (inflammatory process or tumour).

The FORM of compression or brightening is rounded or oval, three-cornered, wrong, linear, ring shaped.

The INTENSITY can be weak or small (compare to the vessel in a transverse section or anterior rib), middle and dense or intensive.

The PATTERN - a lung pattern is not changed, enriched, impoverished, increased, and deformed.

The CONTOURS can be clear and unclear, even or unequal, wave, jagged, polycyclic.

The STRUCTURE - homo Clinic: difficulty in breathing, sense|feeling,sentiment| of amotivational fear, pallor, потливость|, shallow breathing (35—40 breathings in and|but| minute) painful|agonizing| incessant cough with and|but| foamy sputum, кровохарканье|.

geneous and heterogeneous or non-homogeneous. Displacement of educations appears at roentgenoscopy, when a patient is deeply to breathe asked and check up displacement or inviolability.

FUNCTIONAL SYMPTOMS

1. Change of mobility and form of the shades at respiratory, Golchnecht-Yakobson symptom.

2. Mobility of the diaphragm cupulas, paradoxical motion of diaphragm.

3. Change of transparency of pulmonary tissue at deep inhalation and exhalation.

4. Signs of bronchial impassability: on the degree of obturation to the bronches: a) partial - roentgenological hypoventilation (1 degree) of bronchial impassability); b) valve - roentgenological emphysema (2 degree of bronchial impassability); c) complete - roentgenological - atelactics (3 degree of bronchial impassability).

Fig.14.16. Degrees of violation of the bronchial communicating.

а) partial (hypoventilation); b) valvular (emphysema); c) complete (atelactics)

Correct interpretation of the got x-ray information, in combination with a clinic instrumental help to establish the exact diagnosis. Only deep understanding of roentgenological pattern - objective reflection of the pathomorphological substrates allows to carry out sindromic, between syndromic and intrasyndromic diagnostics in a number of organs diseases and system diseases of an organism.