UNit 17 The Gearbox

1. Read and translate the text:

The object of the gearbox is to provide a means of obtaining the most efficient engine speed in relation to the speed required, at the road wheels.

The gearbox is quite a complicated assembly of gears of different sizes, arranged so that certain combinations of gears can be engaged to enable one to drive another. If a larger gear drives a smaller one, a high ratio is produced, and if a smaller gear drives a larger one, a lower ratio is provided. Most car gearboxes have four “speeds”, which means that by moving the gear lever inside the car one of four different ratios can be selected in the gearbox. A reverse gear is also included, to enable the car to be driven backwards for maneuvering.

To illustrate the gearbox principle in a simple manner, the arrangement of gears in a three-speed box only is shown.

In a low ratio gear the engine runs fast while the car is moving quite slowly. As higher gears are engaged the engine speed drops but the car moves faster. A low ratio is therefore used when greater engine power is needed to start the car from rest, to accelerate quickly and to climb steep hills. For normal cruising along the road, a high gear is selected.

2. Learn the new words:

an object – мета, ціль

means – засіб, спосіб

obtaining – досягнення

efficient – ефективний, продуктивний

in relation – у відношенні

to require – вимагати

road wheel – ведуче колесо

assembly – агрегат, вузол

to arrange – розташовувати, розміщувати

to engage – зачіплюватись, включатись

to enable – давати можливість

a high ratio – високе число передач

a reverse gear – передача заднього ходу

3. Match the word-combinations:

1) a road wheel; 2) a high ration 3) a high gear; 4) an engine speed; 5) a reverse gear.

a) швидкість руху; b) висока передача; c) високе число передач; d) передача заднього ходу; e) ведуче колесо.

4. Answer the questions:

What is the object of the gearbox?

What does the gearbox consist of?

How are gears arranged in the gearbox?

When is a high ratio produced?

When is a lower ratio provided?

How many “speeds” have most car gearboxes?

What is used to enable the car to be driven backwards for maneuvering?

UNit 18 The Combustion Process

1.Read and translate the text:

We have studied that the carburetor supplies the mixture of gasoline and air to the engine. We have also learned that the spark plugs, which are part of the ignition system, provide the spark to ignite the gasoline and air mixture. Before we examine the combustion process, let's take a look at some of the components, or parts, of an engine.

The two most important components of the process of combustion are the cylinder and the piston. All automobile engines have a certain number of cylinders and pistons. For this reason, we talk about eight-cylinder engines, six-cylinder engines, and four-cylinder engines.

2. Find in the text and write out the English equivalents:

суміш пального і повітря;

компоненти (частини) двигуна;

процес згоряння;

певна кількість циліндрів і поршнів;

згоряння відбувається всередині циліндра;

згоряння відбувається поза циліндром;

двигун внутрішнього згоряння;

під час процесу згоряння;

займиста суміш;

потрапляти до циліндра;

відкрити отвір;

нагріте повітря;

процес повторюється;

гази видаляються.