Список использованной литературы

№

Упражнения в чтении

№

Упражнения в чтении

1

e

Открытый слог

Закрытый слог

eve, me, mete, Pete, net, lend, bet, pen, spend, bent, bend, left, bede, let, den, bed, men, ten, best, eke, be, kept, slept, met, melt, zest, step, test, mend, bell, less, fell, tent

2

a

Открытый слог

Закрытый слог

blame, pale, mate, fate, make, fat, van, lad, name, fame, lamp, lake, bad, late, plan, ale, date, vale, bat, nave, tape, pan, fan, blade, lane, mass, lass, add, ass, hate, has

запомните:have [hxv]*

[J]

Pete

be

[e]

left

met

[eI]

made

ape

[x]

land

man

3 i,y

Открытый слог

Закрытый слог

bye, dye, my, tie, if, nip, tip, fit, tin, mine, fine, dive, pine, life, lift, pipe, tide, kid, like, time, tint, tyke, by, dyke, dike, did, nine, type, kill, till, miss, mill, kiss, him, hill, hide, hike, hip

запомните: live [lIv], give [gIv], ski [skJ]

4 o

Открытый слог

Закрытый слог

no, lot, not, on, dome, vote, note, off, odd, doll, pole, dot, hole, home, spot, globe, woke, plot, hope, tod, trope, trot, floe, flog, floss, fro, pro, frog, from, frost, lot

запомните: do [du:], to [tu]

[aI]

five

type

[I]

bit

tryst

[qV]

go

smoke

[O]

Tom

doll

5

u

Открытый

слог

Закрытый

слог

cut, mud, dust, duke, use, run, fuse, dune, tune, tube, dump, fume, fun, hue, due, hut, stuff, nude, cup, gun, putty, duty, husk, crust, bluff, blunt

запомните: put [put]

6

ee , ea [ J]

meat, feet, need, neat, lead, sleep, deed, feed, fleet, leave, zeal, bead, keep, feel, pea, deal, leaf, mean, eat, ease, east, eel, bee, beef, been, beet, tea, team, teen

[jH]

mute

due

[A]

hut

bud

see

sea

7

с

Перед

e, i, y

В остальн.

случаях

cat, can, face, lace, cap, cliff, cell, cent, cite, clap, cyst, clean, nice, mice, cyme, cape, candle, camp, cane, cattle, clamp, cede, slice, back, lack, nick, black, deck, slack, neck, pack, peck

8

g

Перед

e, i, y

В остальн.

cлучаях

gale, page, cage, big, badge, age, stage, stag, god, glim, sage, dig, got, go, glide, glad, gene, gybe, gym, gas, gentle, gem, log, dog

запомните: give [gIv], get [get]

[G]

gin

page

[g]

gap

bag

[s]

face

cyst

[k]

can

fact

9

y

в

начале

слов

в конце cлов без ударения

yet, yell, 'lady, yes, yak, yelk, yeast, 'kitty, yam, yap, 'lazy, yen, 'needy, 'neatly, yelp, yelt, 'sticky, yipe, 'tiny, yock, yo, yode, 'fancy, yoke, yon, yond, yill, yin, 'fifty, yede, yegg, 'zany, yale, yap, 'easy, 'silly

10

ai, ay, ey

[eI]

mail grey

day

pain, bey, vain, nail, day, lain, may, pay, say, hey, clay, aim, nay, mail, fail, sail, dey, bay, prey, lay, claim, plain, laid, grey, gay, gain, hay, hail, jail, Kay, lay, pray, play, ray, saint, Seine, tail,

запомните: key [kJ], aisle [QIl]

[j]

yes,

yap

[I]

silly,

daddy

11

sh [S]

shine

dish

she, ship, shad, shunt, dish, shelf, shaggy, shell, crush, shake, sham, sheaf, cosh, shook, shame, shave, sheep, shine, fish, shop, clash, shape, shack, shiny, shock, shrug, shy, crash, dash

12

ch, tch [C]

cheap

match

chime, chest, crutch, check, chafe, champ, crotch, chap, lynch, catch, clutch, chat, cheap, inch, aitch, chick, chide, chilly, ditch, china, stitch, choke, chum, cinch, match, Dutch

13 th

[T]

theme

в начале

и конце

знаменат.

слов;

[D]

this

в начале и конце служебн. слов и между гласными

thick, three, breathe, cloth, clothe, thin, theme, depth, tenth, fifth, sixth, width, bathe, teeth, thane, thank, wi'thin, thatch, theft, thimble, think, thrash, three, bath, blithe, thrash, throne, thrice, myth, moth, kith, seethe, Smith

these, they, then, with, them, those, thus, this, that, the, than, their

14

w , wh

[w]

way

while

wine, wide, will, win, well, wage, wig, wish, way, whine, whip, white, why, wheel, whale, when, which, whim, wheat, waist, waive, wade, waif, wail, wain, wait,

wake, weal, weave, web, wedge, wet, we, wave, wax, weak, weep, went, wept

запомните: w+ho-[h]-who[hu:], whose[hu:z], whole[houl], whom[hu:m]

15 oo

[H] food

[u]

foot

soon, loop, spoon, tool, pool, too, zoo, bloom, bloop, boo, rood, boom, boon, tooth, boost, room, booze, hoof, coop, troop, croon, drool, droop, fool, foozle, gloom, food, choose, loose [lHs]

look, took, hook, brook, book, good, foot, crook

16

ore, or [L]

more nor

shore north

cord, fork, score, port, sport, more, born, core, store, short, lore, sort, 'forty, fore, sore, horde, for, ex'plore, bore, shore, pore, chore, lord, pork, lorn, morn, morse, yore, York

17

открытый слог

are

[Fq]

mare

dare

закрытый слог

ar [R]

car

large

rare, hare, cart, hard, blare, bar, care, square, stare, large, flare, yard, share, spare, charm, harm, dark, star, bare, bard, scare, yarn

искл.: are [R]

18

открытый слог

(y)ire [QIq]

tire

tyre

закрытый cлог

(y)ir

[W]

firm

myrtle

'tired, mire, shirt, sir, first, 'thirty, third, 'dirty, wire, lyre, skirt, hire, whirl, bird, tyre, birth, fire, fir, dire, gyre, ire

19

открытый слог

ure

[juq]

закрытый слог

ur

[W]

lure, burn, en'dure, se'cure, pure, turn, curl, hurt, turtle, spur, nurse, curd, curdle, burst, purse, fur, mure, lurch, church, cure

20

открытый слог

ere

[Iq]

закрытый слог

er

[W]

herd, sere, nerve, hers, here, term, serf, terse, serve, mere, sere, her, cere, fere, ferm, ferny, Bern, berth, mercy

21

в конце слов безуд.

-er, -or, ur ,-ar [q]

(как русская безударная “а”:в слове хата)

'teacher, 'reader, 'member, 'doctor, 'actoг

polar, cinder, `number, sponsor, traitor, sensor, spider, collar

22

Неопределенный артикль и безударные гласные

[q]

a book, a house, a boy, a pen, an end, an arm, a port, a term, an ox, a bit, an apple

a'ttend, 'pupal, 'factum, 'faggot, a'buse, 'contact, con'tact, `tyrant, data, ac'count, con'tract

23

ew [jH]

new

pew

pew, mew, mewl, mews, new, news, newt, tew, dew, ewe, hew, hewn, few

'dewy, 'pewit, 'pewter, 'newel, 'newish, 'newly, 'Newton, 'ewer, 'fewer, 'fewest

24

qu [kw]+гласная в начале или

середине слова

quick

squeeze

quest, quite, quill, quote, queen, quake, quack, quaky, quench, quiddle, quiet, quiz, quackle, queasy, quell, quern, quick, quid, quiff, quince, quod

25

igh [aI]

right

eigh [eI]

eight

fight, light, might, night, sight, high, flight, 'frighten, bright, bight, blight, fright, lightish, mighty, nightly, right, rightist, slight, tight, wight

eight, eighty, eighteen, eighth, weight, neigh, neighbor, weigh, weigher, weighty

26

wa [wO]

want

war [wL]

warm

was [z] , wash, wast, watch, wand, 'wander, 'wanton, want, waft, what, waff, wad, waddle, 'waddy, wabble, waffle, wan, 'washy, 'water, watt, wattle

warm, war, ward, re'ward, warn, warp, 'warper, wart

27

Буква а +nge, a+ste обычно имеет алфавитное чтение [eI].

range, strange, a'rrange, change, ex'change, 'danger

taste, waste, haste

28

a [R] перед th

[D] father, rather

[T] path, bath, lath, rath

29

ng [N] song

nk [Nk] link

bang, ding, dung, pang, bank, wing, blank, thing, wink, fang, pink, tank, bong, bring, ink, sink, song, think, ankle, sing, ding-dong, dunk, funk, drink, long, lank, plank, morning, building, donkey, 'sitting, 'taking, bringing, 'singing,

30

o [A] перед m, n, th, v

dove, some, won, front, month, come, love, glove, son, one /w/, once /w/, oven, other, 'mother, plover, 'wonder, 'brother, a`bove, 'comfort, other,'cover, 'company, coven, monkey

31

s

[s]

после глух.

согласных

и в начале

слова

[z]

после

гласных

и звонк.

согласных

sad, feeds, bells, sends, cats, lets, meets, sets, sat, bees, sleeps, spends, mends, sells, stops, is, pens, beds, plans, dolls, zest, test, sake, sand, stamps, sale, style, side, sin, less, mass, lass, miss, mess, ness, ass, kiss

32

аw; au [L]

shawl

be'cause

аw, аu, law, bawbee, dawdle, fawn, hawk, mawkish, draw, paw, pawn, August prawn, taw, trawl, drawn paw, saw, raw, audio, audit, caw, gawp, auger, daw, dawn, 'saucer, cause, auk, 'aural, 'augur, 'audit, bauble, lawn, maw, daub, fawny, gawk, dauby, daunt, bawd, bawl, faucet, fault, faun, gaud, haw, gaunt, jaw, lawk, gauze

cats

set

tins

bees,

33

Гласные под ударением перед согласной + le читаются как в алфавите:

ta+ble, ti+tle, no+ble cy+cle

cycle, table, stable, title, able, idle, maple, Bible, sable, stifle, trifle, ably, bridle, cable, fable, gable, noble, sidle

34

Гласные i, o перед nd, ld читаются как в алфавите:

ki+nd, mi+ld, o+ld

kind, cold, mild, find, mind, old, bold, sold, told, bind, gold, fold, hold, blind

35

a [R]перед s+согл. (брит.)

([x] амер.)

pass, class, task, fast, grass, grasp, last, vast, cast, hasp, hassle, past, rasp, 'raspy, 'vastly, 'nasty, glass, ask

36

a+lk [Lk] chalk, walk

a+ll [Ll] tall

talk, walk, chalk, balk, balky

gall, hall, ball, fall, all, wall, call, pall, tall, mall

37

wr [r] в начале слов

write, wrist, wretch, wry, writ, wrap, wrong, wrack, wraith, wrangle, wreak, wreath, wreathe, wreck, wren, wrench, wrest, wrestle, wrick, wriggle, wright, wring, wrinkle, wrote

38

kn [n] в начале слов

knew, knit, knell, knife, knight, knack, knag, knap, knar, knave, knead, knee, knick-knack, knob, knock, knot, knuckle, knur, knurl

39

w+ or

[wW]work

word, worse, world, worst, 'worship, 'network, worth, 'worthy, worm, 'worsen, wort, `wordy, work, `working, `worldly, `wormy, `subword

40

ear

[Iq]

еar+согл.

[W]

'early, earth, learn, earn, ear, hear, near, fear, year, dear, earl, clear, blear, bleary, g[g]ear, earthly, heard, pearl, rear,

fear

earl

41

air [Fq] на конце слова

air+гласн. [FqrI]

air, chair, fair, hair, lair, pair, bairn, braird

'dairy, fairy, fairly, Nairn, prairie,

42

ei , ie [J]

'ceiling, seize,, re'ceive, de'ceive, bein, niece, field, piece, priest, chief, brief, briefly, mien, kief, fief, thief

искл.: friend [frend], leisure ['leZq]

43

ow, ou [aV]

town

out

down, gown, brown, how, bow, row, bow-wow, now, owl, brow, browse, cow, crowd, crown, mow, pow, powder, power, vow, vowel, towel, tower

loud, round, a'bout, a'mount, foul, found, bounce, bound, bounty, bout, couch, council, count, douse, fount, gouge, gout, house, mouse, mouth, blouse, noun

44

oa, ow [qV]

slow

boat

[ou] slow, low, row, snow, bow, yellow, own, bowl, owe, crow, mow, tow, trow, throw, thrower, grow, grown, growth, blow

boat, load, road, soap, throat, coast, boast, broach, bloat, coat, coach, coal, coax, cloak, foam, foal, goal, goat, gloat, groan, poach, throat

45

[H]ou, ue, u в открытом слоге, ui

[V] u в закрытом слоге

[u:] soup, group, ouzel, route, cougar, coupon, foumart, Louis[lHI], loup

[u:]true, rude, fruit, blue, brute, glue, rule, suit

[u] pull, full, bush, push, bull, put

46

ou [A]

ou+gh [Af]

couple, young, 'country, trouble, couplet, courage, cousin, double, Douglas, flourish

rough, e'nough, tough

47

e [I]в безударном положении в начале и конце слов (классический вариант, е [q]в современном варианте)

e'lect, en'joy, 'goodness, de'ny, 'pocket, re'peat, re'sult, ec'lipse, ef'face, ef'fect, e'ject, e'leven, e'lope, em'bark, em'battle, em'bay, em'boss, e'mit, em'ploy, en'able, en'rich, re'quest, be'dim, be'come, be'fore, be'half, be'hind, be'hold, be'long, be'low, be'neath, be'sides, be'tray, be'yond

48

x

[gz]

перед

ударной

гласной

[ks]

в остальн.

случаях

e'xist, e'xact, e'xempt, e'xult, e'xude, e`xam, e`xert, e`xotic

box, next, ex'cept, ex'pect, wax, 'excellent, six, fix, tax, ex'ceed, ex'cel, ex'change, ex'claim, 'exile, ex'pand, ex'pence, ex'plain, fax, oxen, ax, exit

e'xam

text

49

ea [e]

dead, bread, deaf, 'ready, 'heavy, meant, dread, in1stead, spread, ‘steady, ‘deadlock

50

oor_____[L]___our

door, floor, your, four, pour

запомните: our [aVq]

51

В словах греческого и латинского. происхождения.ch [k]

chrome, chord, chordal, cho'ristic character, `echo, 'epoch, hi-tech, 'technical, 'architect

52

В словах греческого и латинского происхождения ph [f]

photo, phone, phrase, physics, phantom, 'pharmacy, phase, `phasic, `phial, phlox, phosphor, photon, typhus

53

ture [Cq]

tur - между гласными [C(q)r]

'nature, 'future, ' structure, 'picture, lecture

'natural, 'structural

54

sure [Zq]

ea [e] перед sure

ssure [Sq]

pleasure, measure, treasure

pressure

№ п/п

Словесное ударение, чтение приставок и суффиксов

Правила чтения

Упражнения в чтении

1.

В двусложных словах ударение, как правило, падает на первый слог. Ударная гласная читается согласно своему положению в слоге: открытом или закрытом.

'sofa, 'murder, 'stupid, 'stipend, 'absent, 'artist, 'worker, 'letter, 'turner, 'whisper, 'student, 'window, 'member, 'number, 'napkin, 'paper, 'writer

2.

В трех- и четырехсложных словах ударение обычно падает на третий слог от конца, причем ударная гласная произносится кратко, согласно своему чтению в закрытом слоге.

'document, 'different, 'general, 'popular, 'policy, 'natural, 'family, 'victory, 'capital, a'bility, de'velopment, po'litical, ac'tivity, ne'cessity, 'difficult, ex'tremity

3.

В существительных c cyффиксом –tion [Sn], -sion [Zn],-ssion [Sn] главное ударение падает на гласную, предшествующую суффиксу. Перед суффиксами -tion, -sion буквы а, o, u читаются согласно своему чтению в открытом слоге.

'station, de'cision, po'sition, di'vision, re'lation, pre'cision, con'dition, pro'duction, pro'vision, a'ffection, con'clusion, a'ddition, in'clusion, in'jection, o'ccasion, i,magi'nation, ,inte'rruption, in'vasion, ,tele'vision, ex'plosion, de'votion

4.

Если слово состоит из четырех и более слогов, то oно обычно имеет два ударения: главное – на третьем слоге от конца, и второстепенное – на первом слоге от начала слова или на пятом от конца слога.

,uni’versity, ,possi’bility, ,elec’tricity, o,rigi’nality,

e,xami’nation ,conver’sation, ,revo’lution, ,into’nation,

in,tracta’bility, intro’ductory, ,indi’visible, ,anni’versary

5.

В словах с суффиксом -ic ударение, как правило, падает на предпоследний слог. Ударная гласная произносится кратко.

В четырехсложных словах два ударения.

His'toric, spe'cific, 'comic, 'clinic, 'classic, syn'thetic, 'ethnic, 'traffic

,demo'cratic, ,eco'nomic, ,eco'logic, ,syste'matic, ,diplo'matic, ,patri'otic, ,rea'listic

6.

Конечная буква у в существительных и прилагательных, имеющих два слога и более, обычно произносится [I].

Глагольный суффикс -y произносится [aI].

'hobby, 'lobby, 'treaty, 'easy, 'city

'history, 'industry, 'policy, 'contrary

mo'nopoly, e'conomy, a'cademy, a'pology

'ratify, 'satisfy, 'fortify, 'occupy

su'pply, re'ly, re'ply, im'ply, a'pply, de'ny

7.

Суффиксы существительных и прилагательных -ate, -ite обычно произносятся [It].

Суффикс глагола -ate произносится [eIt].

'definite, 'delicate, 'opposite, 'delegate, 'candidate, cer'tificate,

‘separate'educate, 'liberate, 'separate, 'concentrate, 'penetrate, 'devastate, 'hesitate, 'emigrate, 'immigrate, 'illustrate

8.

Суффикс -age читается [IG] или [qG]. Предшествующий гласный имеет краткое произношение.

'damage, 'image, 'package, 'luggage, 'message, 'marriage, 'carriage, 'shortage, 'village, 'passage, 'hostage

9.

В предударных и послеударных слогах гласные а, о, е обычно передают нейтральный звук [q].

В предударном слоге: a'go, a'gain, a'way, a'gainst, a'cross, a'bout, a'long, a'side, a'fraid, a'sleep, a'rrange, o'ffend, pro'tect, pro'duce, pro'nounce, per'mit, o'mit, co'mmit, com'plain

В послеударном слоге: 'doctor, 'trailer, 'collar, 'dollar, 'cover, 'enter, 'offer, 'suffer, 'order, 'better, 'further, 'rather, 'servant, 'distant, 'common

10.

В двусложных словах, начинающихся с буквосочетаний be-, de-, con-, com-, cor-, ad-, dis-, mis-, in-, im-, pre- а также с буквы а-, ударным, как правило, является второй слог.

be'gin [g], be'come [^], be'lieve, be'long, be'tray,because, besides

de'fend, de'pend, de'tain, de'feat, de'scribe, de'press, de'vote

con'cern, con'tain, con'clude, con'struct, confirm,consist

com'mand, commit, complain

cor'rect, cor'rupt

a'broad, ad'mit, ad'vise,ad'vance, attract, attack, appear, approach, achieve

mis'take, insist, impress, prepare

11.

Суффикс -cian произносится [Sqn].

mu'sician, phy'sician, ,poli'tician, a,cade'mician, ma,thema'tician

12.

Суффикс -cial произносится [Sql].

'social, 'racial, 'special, o'fficial, com'mercial

13.

Буква s в приставке dis- читается обычно [s], в том числе перед гласными и звонкими согласными.

disa'gree, diso'bey, dis'like, dis'grace, 'disres'pect

14.

Суффикс –ous произносится [qs].

'famous, 'nervous, 'dangerous, monstrous, ‘previous, 'various, glorious,

15.

В двусложных словах, начинающихся с буквосочетания re- (в том случае, если оно не является приставкой, означающей повторность действия), ударение, как правило, падает на второй слог.

re'sult, re'port, re'gret, re'mind, re'ly, res'pect, ref'lect, reject, retreat, reform, resort, receive, relieve, request, require, regard, reduce, reserve, remain, repair, restore, resist, react, refuse

16.

В двусложных глаголах с приставками и буквосочетаниями ex-, for- ударным обычно является второй слог.

ex'pect, ex'press, ex'plain, ex'pose, extend, explode, expand, expire, explore

for'give [g], for'get [g], for'bid

17.

В словах с одинаковым корнем ударение может зависеть от части речи.

В существительных: 'import, 'export, 'record [e], 'rebel [e], 'contact

В глаголах: to im'port, to ex'port, to re'cord,to re'bel

18.

В сложных существительных, как правило, ударение падает на первый слог.

'bookcase, 'blackboard, 'something, 'newspaper, 'bookshelf, 'textbook, 'notebook, 'classroom, 'Englishman, 'grandfather, 'blacksmith

'John can 'go 'home alone.

Джон может идти домой один.

It is a 'long road.

Это длинная дорога.

'Pat has a 'long 'red coat│ and a 'green cloak.

У Пэт есть длинное красное пальто и зелёный плащ.

It is 'not a dog, │ it is a stone on the "road.

Это не собака, это камень на дороге.

We 'know the 'clock can stop.

Мы знаем, что часы могут остановиться.

'Lily has a 'hot 'pot on the stove.

У Лили горячий горшок на плите.

I 'know 'Tom is 'not a boxer, │ he is a 'nice doctor.

Я знаю, Том не боксёр, он хороший доктор.

I 'know 'Pete can 'grow oats.

Я знаю, Пит может вырастить овёс.

'Ann has a 'red 'rose in a 'nice 'bowl on the table.

У Анны красная роза в красивой чаше на столе.