- •1. Phonetics as a branch of linguistics.
- •2. Phonetics and other disciplins.
- •3. The role of pronunciation in the process of communication.
- •4. The role of phonetics in foreign language teaching.
- •5. The material aspect of the phoneme
- •6. The abstract aspect of the phoneme
- •7. Phonetic transcription. What type of broad transcription is preferable for teaching pronunciation?
- •8. Which method of broad transcription do you prefer? why?
- •9. The functional aspect of the phoneme.
- •10. The conceptions of the phoneme.
- •11. Main trends in the phoneme theory
- •12. Methods of phonological analysis
- •13. Semantically-distributional method of establishing the phonemic status of speech sounds (I.E. Phonological analysis)
- •15. Degrees and position of word stress.
- •16. The definition of intonation. Components of intonation.
- •17.Intonation pattern and its components
- •18. Which component of the intonation pattern is the most important one? why? (то же самое)
- •19. View intonation on the functional level
- •20.Communicative function of intonation
- •21. The distinctive function of intonation
- •22. What kinds of meaning can be differentiated by the opposition of terminal tones?
- •23. The role of intonation in structuring the information content of the utterance.
- •24. Organizing function of intonation: delimitation and integration
- •25. Pragmatic function of intonation
- •26. Is intonation always in balance with the grammatical structure and word content?
- •27. Rhythm in english
- •28. Phonostylistics. Phonostylistic approach to the description of phonetic phenomena
- •29. Extralinguistic situation and its components
- •30. What extralinguistic factors play the leading role in phonetic styles formation?
- •31. Stylistic modifications of speech sounds
- •32. Which classification of phonetic styles do you prefer?
- •33. In which spheres of communication is informational style used? what are its main prosodic characteristics?
- •34. In which spheres of communication is academic style used? what are its main prosodic characteristics?
- •35. Rp as a pronunciation standard and teaching norm
- •New tendencies in the pronunciation of present day english
- •Intrusive “r”, inserted before a following vowel even though there is no “r” in spelling. (idea of, China and)
- •37. Principle types of pronunciation in britain
- •General american
1. Phonetics as a branch of linguistics.
Phonetics is an independent branch of linguistics like lexicology or grammar. Phonetics studies the outer form of language. Phonetics occupies itself with the study of the ways in which the sounds are organized into a system of units and the variation of the units in all types and styles of spoken language.
Phonetics is divided into:
general |
special |
GPh which studies the complex nature of phonetic phenomena and formulates phonetic laws and principles. |
SPh which is concerned with the phonetic structure of a particular language. (SPh can be subdivided into descriptive and historical. Descriptive studies the phonetic structure of the language synchronically, while historical looks at it in its historical development, diachronically). |
Another important division:
Segmental |
Suprasegmental |
Which is concerned with individual sounds (“segments” of speech). |
Whose domain is the larger units of connected speech: syllables, words, phrases and text. |
Human speech is the result of a highly complicated series of events. The formation of the message takes place at a linguistic level (in the brain of the speaker); this stage may be called psychological. The message formed in the brain is transmitted along the nervous system to the speech organs; this stage may be called physiological. The movements of the speech apparatus disturb the air stream thus producing sound waves; the third stage may be called physical or acoustic. The last stages are the reception of the sound waves by the listener`s hearing physiological apparatus, the transmission of the spoken message through the nervous system to the brain and the linguistic interpretation of the information conveyed.
There are three branches of phonetics:
Articulatory |
Acoustic |
Auditory |
Phonology |
The branch of phonetics that studies the way in which the air is set in motion, the movements of the speech organs and the coordination of these movements in the production of single sounds. |
Studies the way in which the air vibrates between the speaker`s mouth and the listener`s ear, in other word, the sound wave. |
The branch investigating the perception process. Its interest lie in the phisiological working of the ear or the nervous activity between the ear and the brain. |
The branch which studies the linguistic function of consonant and vowel sounds, word accent and prosodic features, such as pitch, loudness and tempo. |
Each branch of phonetics uses its own methods of research:
Direct observation |
Instrumental |
Phonetic research based on the methods of direct observation id effective only when the scholars conducting it are trained in analyzing both the movement of the organs of speech and the auditory impression of speech segments. |
Is based on the use of special technical devices, such as spectrograph, intonograph, x-ray photography and cinematography, laryngoscope. (this type of investigation together with sensory analysis is widely used in experimental phonetics). |
Both methods are used in modern phonetics.