Сформулируйте вопросы на английском языке и дайте ответы на них. Что такое материя? Какие механические явления можно наблюдать в природе?
What is matter? What mechanical phenomena can be observed in nature? Objects that take up space and have mass are called matter. Everything around you is made up of matter.
Matter commonly exists in four states (or phases): solid, liquid and gas, and plasma. However, advances in experimental techniques have revealed other previously theoretical phases, such as Bose–Einstein condensates and fermionic condensates. A focus on an elementary-particle view of matter also leads to new phases of matter, such as the quark–gluon plasma.[5] For much of the history of the natural sciences people have contemplated the exact nature of matter. The idea that matter was built of discrete building blocks, the so-called particulate theory of matter, was first put forward by the Greek philosophers Leucippus (~490 BC) and Democritus (~470–380 BC).
Mechanical phenomena in nature.
Mechanical: moving of animals, flying of the birds, ect.
Thermal: conversion of water to ice, conversion of water to vapour…
Electric: lightning
Sound: thunder, rustle of leaves
Light: sunshine, shining of the stars, ect.
Сформулируйте вопросы на английском языке и дайте ответы на них. Какие отношения величин в механике вы знаете? Опишите их физический смысл. Что такое ось абсцисс, ординат, аппликат?
What kind of relationship variables in mechanics do you know? Describe their physical meaning. What is the abscissa, ordinate, applicate?
In
mathematics, abscissa (plural abscissae or abscissæ or abscissas)
most often refers to the horizontal coordinate of a point in a
two-dimensional rectangular Cartesian coordinate system. The term can
also refer to the horizontal axis (typically x-axis) of a
two-dimensional graph (because that axis is used to define and
measure the horizontal coordinates of points in the space). An
ordered pair consists of two terms—the abscissa (horizontal,
usually x) and the ordinate (vertical, usually y)—which define the
location of a point in two-dimensional rectangular space.
In mathematics, ordinate most often refers to that element of an ordered pair which is plotted on the vertical axis of a two-dimensional Cartesian coordinate system, as opposed to the abscissa. The term can also refer to the vertical axis (typically y-axis) of a two-dimensional graph (because that axis is used to define and measure the vertical coordinates of points in the space). An ordered pair consists of two terms—the abscissa (horizontal, usually x) and the ordinate (vertical, usually y)—which define the location of a point in two-dimensional rectangular space.
Velocity V
m
s−1
Acceleration a m s−2
Angularvelocity ω rad s−1
Сформулируйте вопросы на английском языке и дайте ответы на них. Что такое идеальный газ? Какие тела находятся в тепловом равновесии?
What is an ideal gas? What bodies are in thermal equilibrium?
Ideal gas – is a model in which the molecules do not interact with each other.
The average separation between molecules is great compared with their dimensions.
Two bodies are in thermal equilibrium with each other if they have the sametemperature.
Thermal equilibrium of an isolated body
Thermal equilibrium of a body in itself refers to the body when it is isolated. The background is that no heat enters or leaves it, and that it is allowed unlimited time to settle under its own intrinsic characteristics. When it is completely settled, so that its temperature is spatially and temporally uniform, it is in its own thermal equilibrium. It is not implied that it is necessarily in other kinds of internal equilibrium. For example, it is possible that a body might reach internal thermal equilibrium but not be in internal chemical equilibrium; glass is an example.
The relation of thermal equilibrium between two thermally connected bodies
The relation of thermal equilibrium is an instance of a contact equilibrium between two bodies. This means that it refers to transfer through a selectively permeable partition, the contact path.[1] For the relation of thermal equilibrium, the contact path is permeable only to heat; it does not permit the passage of matter or work. According to Lieb and Yngvason, the essential meaning of the relation of thermal equilibrium includes that it is reflexive and symmetric. It is not included in the essential meaning whether it is or is not transitive. After discussing the semantics of the definition, they postulate a substantial physical axiom, that they call the "zeroth law of thermodynamics", that thermal equilibrium is a transitive relation. They comment that the equivalence classes of systems so established are called isotherms