2. Read and translate the text.

The Urinary System

The urinary system is one of the main systems of the human organism. It consists of two kidneys, two ureters, the urinary bladder, urethra and urinary meatus.

The kidneys are located in the lumbar region of the spine behind the abdominal cavity. They are bean-shaped, fist-sized organs and weigh half a pound each. The kidney consists of an outer cortex region and an inner medulla region. Two ureters are muscular tubes lined with mucous membrane. They convey urine from the kidney to the urinary bladder. The urinary bladder is a hollow, muscular, distensible sac in the pelvic cavity. It serves as a temporary reservoir for urine. Urethra is a membranous tube through which urine is discharged from the urinary bladder. The external opening of the urethra is called meatus. The process of forming urine begins in the glomerulus as water, salts, sugar, urea and other wastes (creatinine and uric acid) filter out from glomerulus into Bowman's capsule which encloses each glomerulus. Large molecules like proteins remain in the bloodstream and cannot pass through walls of the glomerulus into Bowman's capsule.

The kidney filters out of the blood not only the waste product urea, but much water, sugar and salts. The process of reabsorption of materials back into the bloodstream takes place through the walls of renal tubules. After reabsorption fluid becomes more concentrated. The urine consists of 95 percent of water, 5 percent of urea, creatinine, acids, salts and some bile pigments. The renal tubules carry urine to the renal pelvis, then to the ureters and the urinary bladder where the urine is temporarily stored. The exit area of the bladder to the urethra is closed by sphincters which do not permit urine to leave the bladder. When the bladder fills up, sphincters open and the urine through urethra and urinary meatus is expelled from the body. The function of the urinary system is to eliminate wastes and regulate the amount of water in the organism. There are many diseases of the U.S. e.g. nephritis, nephrolithiasis, kidney cancer,cystitis, urethritis, etc.

3. Answer the following questions:

1. What does urinary system consist of?

2. Where are the kidneys located and what form do they have?

3. What do they consist of?

4. What are ureters? What do they do?

5. What is a urinary bladder? What does it serve for?

6. What is urethra?

7. What is meatus?

8. Where does the process of forming urine begin?

9. What do the kidneys filter?

10. Where does the process of reabsorption take place?

11. What does the urine consist of?

12. What do renal tubules do?

13. What happens when the urinary bladder fills up?

14. What is the function of the urinary system?

15. What are the most common diseases of urinary system?

4. Make up a story using the questions above. The Kidneys

1. Learn the following words:

kidney – почка,

to excrete – выделять,

wastes – продукты жизнедеятельности,

to affect – влиять,

spleen – селезенка,

adrenal gland – надпочечник,

outermost – самый дальний,

pelvis – почечная лоханка,

via – через, по,

urinary bladder- мочевой пузырь,

ureter – мочеточник,

urethra – уретра,

nephron – нефрон,

renal failure – почечная недостаточность,

kidney stones – камни в почках,

kidneys tumors – рак почек,

glomerulonephritis – гломерулонефрит,

duct – проток,

megaureter – увеличение мочеточника,

cystitis – цистит,

cystolithiasis – цистолитиаз,

hematuria – гематурия.

urinary incontinence – недержание мочи.