The Human Body

1. Learn the following words:

human – человеческий,

main – главный,

system – система,

skeleton – скелет,

muscle – мышца,

nervous system – нервная система,

hormonal system – гормональная система,

circulatory system – система кровообращения,

digestive system – пищеварительная система,

respiratory system – дыхательная система,

immune system – иммунная система,

reproductive system – мочеполовая система,

to make up – составлять,

purpose – назначение,

liver – печень,

skin – кожа,

function – функция,

tissue – ткань,

similar – схожий,

extracellular – внеклеточный,

nucleus – ядро,

cytoplasm – цитоплазма,

cell – клетка.

2. Read and translate the text.

The Human Body

The human body consists of nine main systems: the skeleton, the muscles, the nervous system, the hormonal system, the cir­culatory system, the digestive system, the res­piratory system, the immune system, and the reproductive system.

Each system is made up of a number of organs. An organ is a part of the body with a specific purpose. Some organs, such as the liver or the skin, have more than one function.

Organs are made from tissues. A tissue is a part of the organ made from similar cells and extracellular material.

Cells are the fundamental components of all organisms. They are composed of several different parts—the nucleus, the cytoplasm, the cell membrane, and various smaller parts— that have different functions.

3. Answer the following questions:

1. What systems does the human body consist of?

2. What is each system made up of?

3. What is an organ?

4. What organs have more than one function?

5. What are organs made from?

6. What is a tissue?

7. What are cells?

8. What are cells composed of?

4. Make up a story using the question above. Skeleton

1. Learn the following words:

bone – кость,

joint – сустав,

cartilage – хрящ,

ligament – сухожилие,

to provide – обеспечивать,

to contain – содержать,

to consist of – состоять,

calcium – кальций,

skull – череп,

trunk – туловище,

spine – позвоночник,

chest – грудная клетка,

breastbone – грудина,

rib – ребро,

extremity – конечность,

upper – верхний,

lower – нижний,

hand – кисть,

arm – плечо,

forearm – предплечье,

shoulder girdle – плечевой пояс,

foot – стопа.

2. Read and translate the text.

Skeleton

Bones are studied by Osteology. There are over 200 bones in the human body. They are connected together by joints, cartilages and ligaments. They provide structural support. They also produce all blood cells in the bone marrow. Bones contain calcium. This element is necessary for life.

The bones of the skull are frontal, parietal, occipital, temporal, mandible, maxilla, zygomatic, sphenoid, ethmoid, lacrimal, and nasal bones. They are 26 in number.

The bones of the trunk are spine and chest. The spine consists of 7 cervical, 12 thoracic, 5 lumbar, 5 sacral and 1 or 3 coccygeal vertebrae. The vertebra is a small bone formed by the body and the arch. The chest is composed of 12 thoracic vertebrae, the sternum and 12 pairs of ribs. The breastbone (sternum) is in the middle of the chest. Each rib is composed of a head, neck and body.

There are 4 extremities in the skeleton: 2 upper and 2 lower extremities. The upper extremity consists of humerus, radius, ulna and hand. The hand consists of carpal, metacarpal bones and phalanges. The arm is connected with the trunk by shoulder girdle. It consists of clavicle and scapula. The lower extremity consists of femur, fibula, tibia, patella and foot. The foot consists of tarsal, metatarsal bones, calcaneum and phalanges. The leg is connected with the trunk by pelvis. The pelvis consists of ilium, ischium, pubis and sacrum.

The bones of the skeleton are connected together by joints, cartilages and ligaments.