Appendix d. Writing a summary

You should use the following points for rendering the articles (the texts) or writing a summary.

1. The head – line of the text.

The text is head-lined …

The head-line of the text under discussion is …

2. The author of the text

The text is written by…

The author of the text is …

3. The main idea of the text

The text is about …

The text deals with …

The text touches upon …

The purpose of the text is to give the reader some information on

4. The contents of the text

The author starts telling the readers about …

The author writes (states, thinks) that …

According to the text …

Further the author says that …

In conclusion …

The author comes to the conclusion that …

5. Your opinion of the text

I found the article (the text) important/dull/too hard to understand …

Useful phrases

If you learn these useful phrases, it will help you to organize your summary clear.

This The

text book article

is about deals with touches upon

(the) … the problem of … the question(s) of …

This		is of presents	much some great no	interest importance use	for those who	study/ are interested in/ etc.
The problem/ question /subject/ fact	considered discussed in question under consideration

The author

points out states makes it clear draws our attention to the fact

that …

It is

necessary interesting important useful

to

bear in mind emphasize mention say

(in this connection)

that …

There are The author gives

some two (three) many

good and interesting useful

examples illustrating the …

It should be

realized made clear pointed out borne in mind mentioned

that …

The author arrives at the following conclusions: …

or:

To sum up In conclusion

I’d like to say

that …

Appendix e. Writing letters

I. Letter Layout

There are some important parts in a typical standard letter: the send­er’s address, date, the receiver’s name, title and address, salutation, body of letter, complimentary close, signature and name and title of sender.

The sender’s address is usually placed in the top right-hand corner of the page. It provides all necessary information about the sender: the name and address of the institution, organization or the name, posi­tion, title and address of the sender, the telephone, telex, fax numbers, e-mail or any other details that may be required, such as reference numbers, codes, etc. Here are some samples:

Department of Physics, Prof. Manfred R.G. Wutting

Rostov State University Dept. of Materials and Nuclear

5 Zorge St. Engineering

Rostov-on-Don, 344090 University of Maryland

Russia College Park, MD. 20742-2111

USA

To avoid difficulties in writing Russian names and surnames the following information may be of use:

ё – io, yo, ie: Semionov, Semyonov, Semienov;

ж – zh: Zhukov;

з – z, s: Kuznetsov, Vosnesenskiy;

й – i, y: Aliseichik, Bykovskiy;

x – kh, h: Malakhov, Astahov;

ц – ts: Tsvetkov;

ч – ch: Chugunov;

ш – sh: Timoshenko;

щ – sch: Paschenko;

ы – y: Bykov;

ю – yu, iu: Yurkov, Mavliukov;

я – ja, ya: Slepian, Yakovlev.

The date should be placed below the sender’s address usually one or two spaces lower. The most common form of writing the date is March 20, 2005 or 20 March, 2005 both in the UK and the USA. The British ways to write the date are 20th March, 2005 and March 20th, 2005. A comma should be put between the day of the month, and the year, to separate the numerals and prevent confusion.

The receiver’s address includes the name, title and full address of the recipient. It is placed in the left-hand side of the letter, two spaces below the date.

Susan Jackson Prof D.P. Petrovskiy

291 Redfern Avenue 28 Ul. Zorge, Apt. 58

Dayton, Texas 76109 Rostov-on-Don, 344090

USA Russia

Robert S. Canster

36 North St.,

London S. W. 10 2DB

England

The initials of the first name are placed in front of the surname: Prof. M.B. Linith.

The words street, road or avenue may be abbreviated St., Rd., Ave.: West St., Highland Rd., Charles Ave.

If the street has a number, it must be written out: 24 Second Ave., 135 Fifty – fourth St.

The zip code or zone number is a geographical abbreviation. Be sure to put it in all addresses in countries that use it. In the United States the zip code uses five numbers; some countries use numbers and letters. Do not put a comma between the end of the address and the zip code.

383 Madison Avenue 200 Euston Road

New York, N. Y. 10017 London NWI 2DB

Abbreviations for U.S. states and possessions are either traditional or postal. Traditional abbreviations are usually followed by a period.

Postal abbreviations have two capital letters with no space between them and are not followed by a period. Use traditional abbreviations for Canadian addresses.

The salutation, which begins two spaces below the receiver’s ad­dress, is written with the margin on the left. In Great Britain the salu­tation is followed by a comma, in the USA – by a colon only in formal letters.

The salutation is never followed by an exclamation mark or by a dash. The salutation that you use is determined by the purpose of the letter, by the position that your correspondent holds. The word Dear is capitalized when it is the first word of the salutation. A title, such as Prof. or Dr., is used only with the surname.

In writing letters the following salutations are used: Dear Sir, Dear Madam, Dear Ms. Smith (if the letter-writer is not sure whether the woman is married or unmarried), Dear Mr. Smith, Dear Mrs. Smith (to married woman), Dear Miss Smith (to unmarried woman); Dear Dr. Smith, Dear Prof. Smith, Dear Colleague. When writing to a university, institution or organization the official salutations Dear Sirs, Dear Mad­am are used as well as To Whom It May Concern.

The body of a letter should begin two spaces below the salutation. The body of a letter is, of course, the most important part because it contains the message for the recipient and should fulfill some require­ments. Each paragraph should deal with one subject, in a brief, con­cise and accurate way. It should exclude all matters not relevant to the purpose of the letter. It is best to avoid long paragraphs. The style of letter writing requires certain accepted phrase patterns.

Short letters are usually double-spaced (two lines); longer letters are single-spaced (one line) with double spaces between the paragraphs.

The letter is ended with a closing salutation or a complimentary close, which is separated from the body of the letter by a double-spaced line. It always begins with a capital letter and is punctuated with a comma:

Yours truly,

Sincerely yours,

Yours sincerely,

Yours respectfully,

Respectfully yours,

Yours faithfully,

Faithfully yours.

We finish a letter with Yours truly, Yours sincerely or Truly yours, Sincerely yours, if the letter began with a person’s name or Yours faith­fully or Faithfully yours if it began Dear Sir(s) or Dear Madam.

It is customary for colleagues, especially among scientists, to write Yours sincerely rather than Yours truly or Yours faithfully.

The complimentary close of a letter may begin as follows:

I look forward to the meeting in Boston

With best wishes

Looking forward to your reply

I hope to hear from you soon

Thank you for your time/effort/help/consideration.

The signature is written directly beneath the complimentary close. It is indented a little to the right:

(signature)

John Jones

Director, Thompson Institute

In many cases the letter is signed without giving the name of the institution or organization:

(signature)

S. Kuprianov

Associate Professor of Mathematics

The first name can be written in full or with an initial: Peter B. Chase, Nina K Petrova, I. Smirnov, J. Smith.