
- •Пояснительная записка
- •Unit 1. Electric current
- •Words to remember.
- •Read the text. Electric current
- •Give the Russian equivalents of the following expressions.
- •Are the following sentences True or False?
- •Answer the questions.
- •Complete the following sentences.
- •Render the text into English.
- •Unit 2. Electricity
- •Words to remember.
- •Read the text. Electricity
- •Answer the questions.
- •Are the following sentences True or False?
- •Render the text into English.
- •Give the summary of the text. Other generating sources
- •Discuss these questions in pairs.
- •Unit 3. Resistance
- •Words to remember.
- •Read the text. Resistance
- •Answer the questions.
- •Are the following sentences True or False?
- •Match the words with the meanings.
- •Render the text into English.
- •Give the summary of the text.
- •Discuss the questions or statements in pairs.
- •Unit 4. Magnetism and electromagnetism
- •Words to remember.
- •Read the text. Magnetism and electromagnetism
- •Answer the questions.
- •Are the following sentences True or False?
- •Render the text into English.
- •Give the summary of the text.
- •Match these words to their definitions.
- •Discuss the statements in pairs.
- •Unit 5. Inductance
- •Words to remember
- •Read the text and ask 6-8 questions.
- •Inductance
- •Are the following sentences True or False?
- •Render the text into English.
- •Give the summary of the text.
- •In pairs discuss the topics.
- •Unit 6 (part 1). Capacitors
- •Words to remember.
- •Read the text. Capacitors
- •Unit 6 (part 2). Capacitors
- •Read the text. Capacitors
- •Классификация конденсаторов
- •Unit 6 (part 3). Power capacitors
- •Words to remember.
- •Read the text. Power capacitors
- •Unit 7 (part 1). Conductors and insulators
- •Insulators and Conductors
- •Find English equivalents of the following words and word combinations in the text.
- •Give the Russian equivalents of the following expressions.
- •What answer is incorrect?
- •Answer the questions.
- •Unit 7 (part 2). Conductors and insulators
- •Words to remember.
- •Read the text. Suspension insulators
- •Give the Russian equivalents of the following expressions.
- •Match items in column a with items in column b.
- •Complete the table using information from the texts.
- •Unit 7 (part 3). Conductors and insulators
- •Words to remember.
- •Read the text. Conductors
- •Give the Russian equivalents of the following expressions.
- •Find English equivalents of the following sentences in the text.
- •Answer the questions.
- •Retell the text ‘Conductors’ using the following word combinations.
- •Unit 7 (part 4). Conductors and insulators
- •Words to remember.
- •Read the text. Conductor coverings and connectors
- •Find English equivalents for the following words and word combinations in the text.
- •Give the Russian equivalents of the following expressions.
- •Explain the following terms.
- •Put the questions to each paragraph of the text. Unit 7 (part 5). Conductors and insulators
- •Words to remember.
- •Read the text. Porcelain Vs. Polymer
- •Answer the questions.
- •Complete the table and speak about polymer and porcelain.
- •Render the text into English.
- •Unit 8. Semiconductors
- •Words to remember.
- •Read the text and ask 6-8 questions. Semiconductors
- •Find English equivalents of the following words and word-combinations in the text.
- •Render the text into English.
- •Give the summary of the text.
- •In pairs discuss the topics.
- •Unit 9. Batteries
- •Words to remember.
- •Read the text. Batteries
- •Литиево-ионная батарея
- •Give the summary of the text. Categories and Types of Batteries
- •Unit 10. Amplifiers and oscillators
- •Words to remember.
- •Read the text. Amplifiers and oscillators
- •Match these words to their definitions.
- •Give the Russian equivalents of the following expressions.
- •Are the following sentences True or False?
- •Answer the questions.
- •Complete the following sentences.
- •Render the text into English.
- •Unit 11 (part 1). The distribution system
- •Words to remember.
- •Read the text. The distribution system
- •Unit 11 (part 2). Determining distribution voltages
- •Determining distribution voltages
- •Render the text into English.
- •Retell the text using the following words and word-combinations.
- •Unit 12 (part 1). The primary circuit
- •Words to remember.
- •Read the text. The primary circuit
- •Primary network
- •Unit 12 (part 2). Secondary circuits
- •Secondary circuits
- •Unit 13. Cogeneration
- •Cogeneration
- •Unit 14 (part 1). Motors
- •Dc motors
- •Give the Russian equivalents of the following expressions.
- •Find synonyms of the following words in the text.
- •Are the following sentences True or False?
- •Speak about dc motors.
- •Render the text into English.
- •Unit 14 (part 2). Ac motors
- •Words to remember.
- •Read the text. Ac motors
- •Give the Russian equivalents of the following expressions.
- •Find synonyms of the following words in the text.
- •Answer the questions.
- •Speak about ac motors. Unit 14 (part 3). Brushed dc motors
- •Words to remember.
- •Read the text. Brushed dc Motors
- •Match items in column a) with items in column b).
- •Put questions to the text. Motor types
- •Complete the table using the information from the text and speak about different types of motors using the table.
- •Give the summary of the text. The Development of Electric Motor
- •Unit 15. Extra high voltage alternators
- •Words to remember.
- •Read the text. Extra high voltage alternators
- •Give the Russian equivalents of the following expressions.
- •Are the following sentences True or False?
- •Answer the questions.
- •Complete the following sentences.
- •Render the text into English.
- •Unit 16. Indicating meters
- •Words to remember.
- •Read the text.
- •Indicating meters
- •Answer the questions.
- •Are the following sentences True or False?
- •Render the text into English.
- •Give the summary of the text.
- •Discuss the statement in pairs.
- •Unit 17 (part 1). Transformers
- •Words to remember.
- •Read the text. Transformers
- •Give the Russian equivalents of the following expressions.
- •Put all types of questions to the following sentence.
- •Are the following sentences True or False?
- •Make up the plan to the text and retell it.
- •Give the summary of the text.
- •Unit 17 (part 2). Transformers
- •Words to remember.
- •Read the text. How the transformer works
- •Answer the questions.
- •Complete the following sentences.
- •Retell the text. Unit 17 (part 3). Transformers
- •Words to remember.
- •Read the text. Transformer rating
- •Give the English equivalents of the following sentences.
- •Make up the plan to the text and retell it. Unit 17 (part 4). Transformers
- •Words to remember.
- •Read the text. Methods of Transformer Cooling
- •Unit 17 (part 5). Transformers
- •Distribution Transformers
- •Give the Russian equivalents of the following expressions.
- •Complete the sentences.
- •Render the text into English.
- •Unit 18. Fuse cutouts
- •Words to remember.
- •Read the text. Fuse cutouts
- •Give the English equivalents of the following expressions.
- •Speak about fuse cutouts. Unit 19. The tunnel diode
- •Words to remember.
- •Read the text. The tunnel diode
- •Match these words to their definitions.
- •Give the Russian equivalents of the following expressions.
- •Are the following sentences True or False?
- •Answer the questions.
- •Complete the following sentences.
- •Render the text into English.
- •Unit 20. Electrical filters
- •Words to remember.
- •Read the text. Electrical filters
- •Give the Russian equivalents of the following expressions.
- •Are the following sentences True or False?
- •Answer the questions.
- •Complete the following sentences.
- •Render the text into English.
- •Appendix a. University and faculty Nizhny Novgorod State Technical University
- •I. Agree or disagree with the following statements. Use the following expressions: You are right. You are wrong. You are mistaken. Give your reasons.
- •II. Ask your partner.
- •III. Ask your partner.
- •IV. Answer the following questions.
- •The Automation and Electrical Mechanics Department
- •Appendix b. Outstanding scientists
- •I. Read the texts. Outstanding Scientists
- •Georg Simon Ohm
- •James Joule
- •Benjamin Franklin
- •Hans Christian Orsted
- •Michael Faraday
- •Thomas Alva Edison
- •Nikola Tesla
- •James Watt
- •André-Marie Ampère
- •Georg Simon Ohm
- •Joseph Henry
- •Heinrich Rudolf Hertz
- •Marie Skłodowska Curie
- •William Thomson
- •James Clerk Maxwell
- •Lodygin
- •Yablochkov
- •II. Render the texts into English. Исаак Ньютон
- •Томас Алва Эдисон
- •Мария Склодовская–Кюри
- •Appendix c. Grammar references The Infinitive
- •Функции инфинитива
- •Структуры с инфинитивом The Complex Subject (сложное подлежащее)
- •Passive
- •The Complex Object (сложное дополнение)
- •I. Translate the sentences with Infinitive into Russian.
- •II. Translate the sentences into Russian paying attention to function of Infinitive.
- •III. Translate the sentences into English using different forms of the Infinitive.
- •Complex Subject with the Infinitive
- •I. Complete the sentences using the verb in brackets and translate.
- •II. Translate the sentences into English using Complex Subject with the Infinitive.
- •III. Put questions to the words given in bold type.
- •IV. Answer the questions using the verb in brackets.
- •V. Find the predicate in sentences. Determine the function of the Infinitive in sentences and translate them.
- •Complex Object with the Infinitive
- •I. Translate the following sentences form English into Russian.
- •II. Answer the question using the verb in brackets.
- •III. Translate from Russian into English.
- •The Participle (причастие)
- •The Absolute Participial Construction Независимый Причастный Оборот
- •I. Determine the function of the participle in sentences and translate them.
- •II. Translate the sentences into Russian paying attention to the Participle I and II.
- •IV. Translate the sentences from Russian into English.
- •V. Complete the sentences choosing the appropriate form of the Participle I or II in brackets.
- •VI. Translate the following sentences into Russian paying attention to the translation of Participle II with adverbs.
- •Absolute participle construction
- •I. Find the sentences with Absolute participle construction and translate them.
- •II. Translate the sentences into English.
- •III. Translate the sentences paying attention to the Absolute participle construction.
- •The Gerund (герундий)
- •Функции
- •I. Put the questions to the words given in bold type.
- •II. Translate the following sentences from Russian into English using Gerund.
- •III. Translate from English into Russian.
- •IV. Find the sentences with Gerund and Participle, determine the function and translate the sentences into Russian.
- •Revision Exercises
- •Appendix d. Writing a summary
- •Appendix e. Writing letters
- •I. Letter Layout
- •Components of a Letter
- •Sample of a formal letter and an envelope
- •1. Write the following dates which are placed below the sender’s address:
- •2. Correct mistakes in the following dates:
- •3. Complete the following by indicating the dates in the body of the Letter.
- •5. Correct the following letter layout:
- •II. Letters of Invitation task
- •Letter 1
- •Second International Conference on Synchrotron Radiation in Materials Science srms-2 October 31 – November 4, 2005 International Conference Center Kobe Hyogo Prefecture, Japan
- •Letter 3
- •International Conference on Vacuum Ultraviolet Radiation Physics
- •Letter 4
- •Letter 1
- •Letter 2
- •Letter 3
- •Letter 4
- •1. Write a letter in which you:
- •2. Write a letter in which you:
- •Letter 1
- •Letter 2
- •Letter 3
- •Letter 4
- •1. Write a letter in which you:
- •2. Write a letter in which you:
- •Read the samples and notice phrases and sentences that express a request.
- •Letter 4
- •Letter 5
- •Letter 1
- •Letter 2
- •Letter 3
- •Letter 4
- •1. Write a letter in which you:
- •2. Write a letter in which you:
- •1. Write a letter in which you:
- •2. Write a letter in which you:
- •IV. Letters of Inquiry
- •Letter 1
- •Letter 3
- •Letter 4
- •Tasks 1
- •Letter 1
- •Letter 1
- •1. Write a letter in which you:
- •2. Write a letter in which you:
- •1. Write a letter in which you:
- •2. Write a letter in which you:
- •3. Write a letter in which you:
- •Test on Letter-writing Situations
- •The curriculum vitae
- •The letter of application
- •Making a presentation
- •Appendix f. Supplementary texts Tesla coil
- •Superconductivity
- •Linear motors
- •Brushless dc electric motor
- •Coreless dc Motors
- •Classification of a.C. Motors
- •Synchronous motors
- •Asynchronous motors
- •Induction Motor : General Principle
- •Stepper motors
- •Magnetism
- •Sources of magnetism
- •Diamagnetism
- •Paramagnetism
- •Ferromagnetism
- •Magnetic domains
- •603950, Нижний Новгород, ул. Минина, 24.
- •Т.В. Захарченко, л.С. Исмакова, н.В. Соколова
- •Guide to electrical study
- •Учебное пособие по английскому языку для студентов II курса фаэ
Unit 6 (part 2). Capacitors
Words to remember.
specified level – определенный уровень
a storage tank – резервуар
to keep power factor – поддерживать энергетический фактор
economic advantage – экономическое преимущество
to save money – экономить
utility company – сервисная компания
separated by oil-impregnated paper – разделенный пропитанной маслом бумагой
to depend on – зависеть от
to counteract – противодействовать
lightning arrester – громоотвод
Read the text. Capacitors
Should the voltage on a circuit fall below a specified level for some reason, a device called a capacitor can momentarily maintain the voltage at line value. Basically, a capacitor serves the same purpose as a storage tank in a water system. By maintaining the water in a storage tank at a definite level, the pressure on the water supplied by the system connected to it is maintained evenly.
It is the job of capacitors to keep the power factor as close to 1 as possible. The power factor is an important essential of electricity keeping the power factor close to 1 is a considerable economic advantage to the utility company and to the consumer. Inductance is the element in the circuit which is pulling the power factor below 1. Capacitance is the enemy of inductance. Therefore, capacitors counteract inductance, keep the power factor close to 1, and save money for the utility company. The capacitor usually consists of two conductors separated by an insulating substance. Among other materials which may be used, a capacitor can be made of aluminum foil separated by oil-impregnated paper, or synthetic insulating materials.
Capacitance is the property of a capacitor. Capacitance depends on the area of the conductors, on the distance between the conductors and on the type of insulating material used.
Introducing capacitors into a circuit causes the current to lead the voltage in phase. Introducing inductance (or an inductor) into a circuit causes the current to lag the voltage in phase. The capacitor counteracts this loss of power and makes power production more economical.
Capacitors are mounted on cross arms or platforms and are protected with lightning arresters and cutouts, the same as transformers vacuum or gas (SF6) switches. As their names imply, air switches are those whose contacts are opened in air, while the other type switches are those whose contacts are opened in oil, vacuum, or gas. Oil switches are usually necessary only in very high-voltage, high-current circuits.
Air switches are further classified as air-break switches and disconnect switches.
AIR-BREAK SWITCHES
The air-break switch has both the blade and the contact equipped with arcing horns. These are pieces of metal between which the arc resulting from opening a circuit carrying current is allowed to form. As the switch opens, these horns are spread farther and farther apart and the arc is lengthened until it finally breaks.
Air-break switches are of many designs.
A modern development of the air-break switch is the load-break switch which breaks the arc inside a fiber tube. As in the expulsion lightning arrester, the fiber tube produces a gas which helps to confine the arc and blow it out. There is a possibility that the unconfined are associated with the horn-type switch might communicate itself to adjacent conductors or structures causing damage and possible injury. But the load-break switch eliminates this potential hazard.
The disconnect switch is not equipped with arc quenching devices and, therefore, should not be used to open circuits carrying current. This disconnect switch isolates one portion of the circuit from another and is not intended to be opened while current is flowing. Air-break switches may be opened under load, but disconnect switches must not be opened until the circuit is interrupted by some other means.
Oil Switches. The oil switch has both the blade and the contact mounted in a tank filled with oil. The switch is usually operated from a handle on the outside of the case. As the switch opens, the arc formed between the blade and contact is quenched by the oil.
Oil switches may be remote controlled as well as manually operated. They are used for capacitor switching, street lighting control and automatic disconnect in case of power failure.
RECLOSER
A recloser consists essentially of an oil switch or breaker actuated by relays which cause it to open when predetermined current-values flow through it. Reclosers are usually connected to protect portions of primary circuits and may take the place of line fuses. The switch or breaker is arranged to reclose after a short interval of time and re-open again should the fault or overload which caused the excess current-flow persist. In a recloser, there is an operating rod actuated by a solenoid plunger which opens and closes the contacts, whereas the repeater fuse works only when the metal has been melted by overheat.
However, should it be desirable to delay the action of the recloser, it can be done by an ingenious timing device.
AUTOMATED OPERATION
All of the materials and equipment, assembled properly, make up the primary circuits that serve a particular area. The operation of the circuits include such things as the switching of circuits or portions of circuits (termed sectionalizing) for transferring loads or emergency restoration of service, for controlling voltage regulators, for switching capacitors and other manipulations of lines and equipment-operations usually performed manually under centralized control. Where circumstances generally involving the importance of service continuity, and where justified economically permit, these operations may be accomplished automatically. The relays that actuate these operations may be controlled by preprogrammed computers that impart ‘instructions’ via radio, by telephone lines, or by independent circuits established for that purpose.
Find antonyms to the following words in the text.
Connect, act, place, increase, out pup, result in, step up, insulator, open.
Translate the questions and answer them.
What is a capacitor compared with? Why?
What does the capacitor depend on?
What does capacitance depend on?
Where are capacitors mounted?
Speak about capacitors.
Render the text into English.