11. What can you say about paragraphing practices from the point of views of individual style?

The writer may adjust a paragraph to achive a variety of rhetorical effects:

• formality – longish paragraphs;

• informality – shorter paragraps.

The factors that govern paragraph practices: - the writer’s personality and his perception of the reader as well as art of this perception of the structure of the subject matter. Paragraphing practices are also governed by changes in fashion and social conversion.

Writers use paragraph blocks – a number of short paragraphs.

A paragraph is a functioning part of discourse, a flexible rhetorical device shaped by the writer’s ind. style, reader’s expectations and logic of a subject matter.

12. What is cohesion? What are the types of cohesive types?

Coherence is treated in 2 ways: 1) Cohesion is the product of textual connectivity or cohesion it is a static text-based on descriptive approach 2) Cohesion is a more dynamic understanding, interpretative notion based on comprehension, understanding, follow the unfolding of the text; Syntactic cohesion

Cohesive relations which draw on syntactic process the following: - reference

-substitution

-ellipsis

Reference is the semantic relation between 2 items in the text. There are 2 types: anaphoric reference and cataphoric reference (anaphora, cataphora)

ex. Charlie was sitting out the window, reading the evening paper – he put it aside us. I went up to him and shook his hand.

Anaphora forms a cohesive chain across sentence boundaries through out the whole passage.

Cataphora - the use of pronouns before the co-referring elements they substitute. It is used to stimulate the reader’s interest, generates suspense; it puts a spec. emphasis on a certain part of the text.

Substitution – used in colloquial speech; ling item is substituted for another when 2 things are of one type, but diff.

ex. – Do you want this skirt?

• No, I want a red one.

Ellipsis – is substitution by nothing.

ex. – Where have you been?

• To the Empire.

13.What are the types of rhetorical content of paragraphs?

Functions of the paragraphs

-description -narration -illustration -process analysis

-cause and effect analysis -comparison and contrast -definition

-classification -persuasion -elaboration -explanation -result

1n imaginative prose writing

-narration -description -persuasion -academic discourse

14.What is coherence? What does it relate to?

Coherence -the logical connections that readers or listeners perceive in a written or oral text.

Contribute to the establishment of coherence in discourse – syntactic, lexical, conjunction or connectives.

Coherence is treated in 2 ways

-cohesion is the product of textual connectivity or cohesion ,it is a static text- based on descriptive approach

-cohesion is a more dynamic understanding , interpretive , notion based on comprehension , understanding , follow the unfolding of the text.

Cohesive relations which draw on syntactic process are the following

-reference

-substitution

-ellipsis.