Introduction

The article begins with Introduction, where there are contained the information which allows the reader to understand and estimate the results of the investigation presented without additional address to other literary sources. In addition, there should be a substantiation of the necessity and urgency of the investigation. The information in the Introduction should be organized on the principle: from general to specific.

The introduction consists of four mandatory subsections:

1. A description of the problem with which the investigation is connected or establishment of the scientific context.

2. Review of literature connected with the investigation.

3. A description of research gaps of the problem or that what was not done yet.

4. A formulation of the objectives of investigation and perhaps the problems (stating the purpose). It is good if you include in the introduction of the article the two subsections: evaluating of the importance of study and short description of the structure of the publication - outlining the structure of the paper. It is easy to see that the first subsection has the most general character; the most specific information is contained in the fourth subsection. In the first subsection there is a representation of which wider problem the investigation presented is a part.

42. Materials and Methods

In this section of an article the methods used for results' obtaining are described in detail. First the general scheme of the experiments (design of the experiment) are given, then the experiments are represented as much as possible in detail and with such amount of details that any competent specialist could reproduce them at his laboratory using only the text of the article. Many readers omit this section, since there is already pointed which method you will use in the Introduction. However in order the article had scientific value the methods should be described in detail. When a reviewer reads the manuscript he will pay a special attention to how details of the methodology of investigation are described. If he has any doubts that the experiments can be reproduced, then he will recommend the manuscript to be rejected, despite the impressing results.

Methods can be organized the following way.

1. Overview of the experiment

2. Samples

3. Location of sample plot

4. Restriction/limiting conditions

5. Sampling technique

6. Procedures

7. Materials

8. Variables and measurements

9. Statistical treatment

Results

The section Results is the central part of the article. It can be called to be the superlative. In this section the experimental or theoretical data are presented, which obtained in this work and have relation to the problem. To show the results does not mean to give in the article the notes from laboratory journal, computer print or something like that. The results are given in treated variant: in form of tables, figures, organization or structural diagrams, equations, photographs, pictures. There is a description of that what is shown in the illustrations with short resuming comments, comparisons, statistical estimation in the Results, and is a presentation of the results. There are only facts in this section. Usually a description of the illustrations and tables given contains three elements. Element 1 - a sentence which points out to where the result is (examples 2-5) and can simultaneously resume it (sentence 1). Element 2 - sentences which describe the most important findings. Element 3 - sentences which comment the result.

Results representation

Three ways for results representation exist:

1. Text;

2. Tables;

3. Pictures (diagrams, figures and illustrations, that are photographs, sketchs, and schemes).

Text - is a verbal representation, table - partly verbal, and pictures - visual. All three ways of representation should add, but not repeat each other. Visual ways of presentation of results are called illustrations. In present time the illustrations that are diagrams, photographs, schemes, figures are a necessary and extremely important element of a scientific publication. By frequency of readability the illustrations are inferior to only the title and abstract of the article. Well prepared illustrations improve the understanding of the results, help the readers to follow the authors' logics, make a pleasure impression, while the bad illustrations may confuse the readers and worsen the impression about the article, even the text is written well. Tables, diagrams and figures are used in journal articles, first of all, for presentation of results of experimental investigation, although they can be just described in the text.

All three ways of presentation of results of quantitative investigations (text, tables and figures) should add, but not repeat each other.

The data is represented in form of tables if:

1) it is necessary to give exact values of quantities;

2) the quantitative values of quantities are important;

3) the data is too numerous in order to be listed in the text.

If one needs to give only several numerical values, then one can do it just in the text.

Discussion and conclusions

One of the difficulties at writing of an article is in defining where the results description ends and their discussion begins. The section Discussion is the most difficult part for writing. In difference from the section Results which deals with facts, the section Discussion - is ideas, assumptions about facts obtained, a comparison of obtained own results with results of other authors. From one hand, the section Discussion should be more theoretical, generalizing, abstract, integrated with general problem. From the other hand, this section is more closely connected to the real world, since there are an opening of the meaning of the results obtained and their further application. Editors of journals reject many articles because of bad written discussion of the results. Despite that the results are interesting and well represented. Moreover the true significance of the results can be completely hidden by wrong interpretation, what also leads to rejection in publication.

In the Discussion one can:

1) list the main results;

2) generalize the results;

3) compare results with data of other researchers;

4) give possible explanations of similarity and contradictions with other investigations;

5) recall the objectives and hypothesis of investigation;

6) discuss whether the results obtained correspond to the hypothesis of the investigation;

7) point out to limitation of investigation and generalization of its results;

8) suggest a practical application;

9) suggest a direction for future investigations;

Acknowledgments

After the main part of an article two section follow: acknowledgements and list of literature. In the section acknowledgements there are gratitude for technical support of researchers listing their names. One can express acknowledgements for another support: discussion of results, reading of manuscript, critics and etc. If you use in your work the non-standard equipment and materials, then you can list them, on which and whose special equipment the experiments were carried out, and also list sources of all other special materials and objects of research (culture, animals). Then it is necessary to express acknowledgement for financial support of the research to organizations and funds that is to write at the expense of which grants, contracts, scholarships the work has been successfully done.

References, Literature cited

The concluding section of the article - list of literature. There are all sources in the list of literature and only those which are cited in the text of the article. The rules of reference organization in the text and also organization of the list of sources are varied from journal to journal. Here you should just follow the instructions for authors. It is recommended to spend time for organizing of literature list with help of text processor. There is a tab References in the main menu of Word processor.