7. Make up your own dialogue using the following expressions:

economic growth to take measures acid rain

to damage crops to control pollution

to solve the problem of to cause harmful externalities to limit the effects of harmful externalities to make efforts to protect the environment to release pollutants into the air

7. Ask questions as in the model:

Model : Ask your friend if chemical fertilizers have been used by farmers.

Have chemical fertilizers been used by farmers? Ask your friend:

1. if wat-er has beten polluted in this region; 2) if massive amounts of wastes have been produced by modern technology;

3) if building surfaces have been worn by acid rain; 4) if those who fail to obey government regulations have been fined; 5) if effluent fees have been levied on polluters for discharging waste,

7. Ask when and where-questions using the Passive Voice:

Model: Massive amounts of wastes have been produced by this plant this year.

When have massive amounts of wastes been pro­duced by this plant?

1. Acid has been formed in clouds and followed by acid rainfall. 2. The acid rain has been blown by winds far from the source of pollution. 3. Chemical fertilizers have been used by farmers very intensively in this part of the country. 4. People who failed to obey government regulations have been fined this year. 5. The factory that pumped its waste into the atmosphere has been charged by the group of experts this week.

7. Translate into English, using the Present Perfect Tense (the Passive Voice):

1. Вепику кількість відходів було продуковано та зне­шкоджено цим підприємством. 2. Водні та земельні ре­сурси були забруднені внаслідок кислотних дощів. 3. Доне­давна вода в цій річці вважалася забрудненою, оскільки її не можна було використовувати для фермерства, виробни­цтва та з іншою господарською метою. 4. Використання пестицидів і хімічних добрив у великій кількості було забо­ронено урядом країни. 5. На підприємства та фермерів, які тривалий час забруднювали навколишнє середовище, було накладено штраф.

7. Communicative situations:

1. Protecting the environment is important.

1. identify and describe potential sources of pollution in your community;

2. describe what is being done to protect the community from the efforts of pollution.

21 Industrialized countries produce many dangerous substances

(toxic wastes) while manufacturing the goods consumers

need and want.

1. Is it government's responsibility to control toxic waste disposal?

Why or why not? . _

2. What basic strategies have governments used to regulate industrial pollution?

3. What are «pollution credits»?

How can they be used to reduce pollution?

Lesson 14 THE ECONOMY

1. Read and memorize the following words, word- combinafions and word-groups:

economy — господарство

e.g. Economy refers to the sum of all our individual production and consumption activities.

factors of production — чинники виробництва e.g. In order to produce anything we need resources, or factors of production.

opportunity costs — оптимальні витрати e.g. Opportunity costs exist in all situations where available resources are not abundant enough to satisfy all desires, economics — економіка

e.g. Economics is often defined as the study of how to allocate scarce resources.

production possibilities — виробничі МОЖЛИВОСТІ e.g. Production possibilities are the alternative combinations of final goods and services that could be produced in a given time period with all available resources and technology.

law of increasing opportunity costs — закон зростання оптимальних витрат

e.g. According to the law of increasing opportunity costs we must give up everincreasing quantities of other good and services in order to get more of a particular good, economic growth — економічне зростання e.g. Economic growth is an increase in output, an expansion of production possibilities.

market mechanism — ринковий механізм e.g. Market mechanism is the use of market prices and sales to signal desired outputs.