5. Переведите текст письменно

Surveying

Surveying is the art of measuring horizontal and vertical distances between terrestrial objects, of measuring angles between terrestrial lines, of determining the direction of lines, and of establishing points by angular and linear measurements.

The process of surveying may be divided into the field work of taking measurements and the office work of computing and drawing necessary to the purpose of the survey.

The earliest surveys were for the purpose of establishing the boundaries of land and such surveys are still the important work of many surveyors.

Every construction project is based to a great degree upon measurements taken by a surveyor.

Surveying is one of the first professional subjects studied by the engineering student. The student must understand that the training he will receive in the art of observing and computing and in the practice of mapping will contribute to success in other subjects. A thorough knowledge of the theory of surveying and skill in its practice are the first requisites of the surveyor.

6. Ответьте на вопросы:

1. Is surveying the art of measuring distances and angles?

2. Is the process of surveying divided into the field and office work?

3. Were the earliest surveys made to determine the direction of lines?

4. Is every construction project based upon determining the direction of lines?

5. Will the student’s training in the art of observing and computing contribute to his success in other subjects?

Задания для самостоятельной работы Вариант 3

1. Сопоставьте слова:

survey land surface measurement location elevation determination construction area scale

съемка размещение превышение масштаб, шкала построение измерение земля площадь определение поверхность

2. Переведите следующие слова на русский язык:

to secure, to establish, to term, to provide, to consider, data, point, leveling, ground, tract

3. Переведите следующие слова на английский язык.

угловой, линейный, определение, установление, вычерчивание/нанесение, отобранный, выбранный, выбор, полевой метод, назначение

4. Переведите предложения:

1. Geodesist secure data for a map.

2. The map indicates the relief.

3. They establish the horizontal control.

4. They determine the elevation.

5. It is termed vertical control.

6. Geodesists determine the location of a number of points.

7. We calculate elevations.

8. Field methods may be different.

9. It is necessary to know the area of the tract.

10. The map scale is important.

5. Переведите текст письменно

A Topographic Survey

A topographic survey is a survey made to secure data from which may be made a topographic map indicating the relief or elevations of the land surface.

The work consists in:

1. Establishing by angular and linear measurements the horizontal location of certain points for the skeleton of the survey, termed the horizontal control.

2. Determining the elevation of control points by the operation of levelling, termed the vertical control.

3. Determining the horizontal location and elevation of a sufficient number of ground points to provide data for the map.

4. Calculating angles, distances and elevations.

5. Plotting and finishing the topographic map.

The main feature of a topographic survey is the determination of the location, both in plan and elevation, of selected ground points which are necessary to the construction of the topographic map.

In the choice of field methods for topographic surveying it is necessary to consider: (1) the intended use of the map; (2) the area of the tract; (3) the map scale; (4) the contour interval.

6. Ответьте на вопросы:

1. Is a topographic survey made to construct a topographic map?

2. Does a topographic map indicate the relief?

3. Is the operation of leveling termed the horizontal control?

4. Is it necessary to consider the map scale?

5. Do they consider the contour interval?