Affixation
Affixation is one of the most productive ways of word-building throughout the history of English. It consists in adding an affix to the stem of a definite part of speech. Affixation is divided into suffixation and prefixation.
Suffixation.
The main function of suffixes in Modern English is to form one part of speech from another, the secondary function is to change the lexical meaning of the same part of speech. ( e.g. «educate» is a verb, «educatee» is a noun, and « music» is a noun, «musicdom» is also a noun) .
Prefixation
Prefixation is the formation of words by means of adding a prefix to the stem.
COMPOSITION
Composition is the way of wordbuilding when a word is formed by joining two or more stems to form one word.
CONVERSION
Conversion is a characteristic feature of the English word-building system. It is also called affixless derivation or zero-suffixation.
ABBREVIATION
In the process of communication words and word-groups can be shortened.
3.
To close the front door e) to pull the front door to
To make smth stop burning a) to put out the lights
Before g) in advance
To provide smb with smth f) to fix smb up
To repair a house or decorate it d) to do a house up
To telephone smb c) to ring smb up
To tidy and clean the room h) to clear out a room
To allow smb to stay at your
place for some time b) to put smb up
№7 Word meaning.
Word meaning is studied by the branch of lexicology called semasiology. Among the word’s various characteristics meaning is the most important. It is usually said that a word denotes objects, qualities, actions, phenomena, or expresses the corresponding notions. There is a complex relationships between referent (object, etc., denoted by the word), notion (concept, thought) and word (symbol, sound-form). Word meaning is made up of various components which are usually described as types of meaning. The two main types of meaning are grammatical and lexical meanings. Grammatical meaning unites words into parts of speech. Such words as goes, stops, works have different lexical meanings, but are united by a common grammatical meaning: they are characterized by a common system of forms in which their grammatical categories are expressed. Lexical meaning is individual for every word: grammatically identical words have individual lexical meanings (cf.:went, kissed, looked), which are common for all forms of one and the same word. Go, went, going – all these forms denote the process of movement. Lexical meaning includes two components: denotational and connotational. Denotational component is present in every word and makes communication possible. It expresses the notional content of the word, shows what the word refers to. Connotational component expresses additional meanings of the word which may be of different types: stylistic, evaluative and emotional, etc.
3.
Outbreak: epidemic
Shower: rain for a short period of time
Normal temperature: 36.5
To be expected: forecast
A role of thunder: makes energy
To melt: to disappear
Bad frost: extreme cold
Melting dirty snow:
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№9 What is antonyms?
Antonyms are words belonging to the same part of speech, identical in style, expressing contrary or contradictory notions.
Antonyms classified them into two groups : absolute or root antonyms /»late» - «early»/ and derivational antonyms / «to please’ - «to displease»/ . Absolute antonyms have different roots and derivational antonyms have the same roots but different affixes. In most cases negative prefixes form antonyms / un-, dis-, non-/. Sometimes they are formed by means of suffixes -ful and -less.
e.g. respect - scorn, to respect - to scorn, respectful - scornful, to live - to die, alive - dead, life - death. here - there, up - down , now - never, before - after, day - night, early - late etc.
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# 10 Types of dictionaries.
All dictionaries are divided into linguistic and encyclopedic dictionaries. Encyclopedic dictionaries describe different objects, phenomena, people and give some data about them. Linguistic dictionaries describe vocabulary units, their semantic structure, their origin, their usage. Words are usually given in the alphabetical order.
Linguistic dictionaries are divided into general and specialized . To general dictionries two most widely used dictionaries belong: explanatory and translation dictionaries. Specialized dictionaries include dictionaries of synonyms, antonyms, collocations, word-frequency, neologisms, slang, pronouncing, etymological, phraseological and others.
All types of dictionaries can be unilingual ( excepting translation ones) if the explanation is given in the same language, bilingual if the explanation is given in another language and also they can be polilingual.
Phraseological dictionaries describe idioms and colloquial phrases, proverbs.
Etymological dictionaries trace present-day words to the oldest forms of these words and forms of these words in other languages.
Pronouncing dictionaries record only pronunciation.
Season – fall, period,
short rain – shower
fortunate - lucky,
territory - area,
to foretell - predict
to come up to (near) – to move nearer
to go in the direction of – to go in the guidance of
№11 What is synonyms?
Synonyms are words different in their outer aspects, but identical or similar in their inner aspects. In English there are a lot of synonyms, because there are many borrowings
Stylistic synonyms can also appear by means of abbreviation. In most cases the abbreviated form belongs to the colloquial style, and the full form to the neutral style, e.g. «examination’, «exam».
Among stylistic synonyms we can point out a special group of words which are called euphemisms. These are words used to substitute some unpleasant or offensive words, e.g «the late» instead of «dead», «to perspire» instead of «to sweat» etc.
There are also phraseological synonyms, these words are identical in their meanings and styles but different in their combining with other words in the sentence, e.g. «to be late for a lecture» but «to miss the train», «to visit museums» but «to attend lectures» etc.
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№12 What is terminology?
Terminology is the study of terms and their use. Terms are words and compound words that in specific contexts are given specific meanings, meanings that may deviate from the meaning the same words have in other contexts and in everyday language. The discipline Terminology studies among other things how such terms of art come to be and their interrelationships within a culture.
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