This classification of idioms according to their structure:
1. Fixed idioms It’s a 60-thousand dollar question = difficult question
2. Variable (varied on the lexical level)
Ex.: to add fuel to the fire/flame – отқа май құю
Sources of idioms:
1. from our everyday life
to sail under false colour (прятать истинное лицо)
2. from the Bible
Ex.: black sheep, lost sheep (заблудшая овца)
3. World literature
an ugly duckling (Danish) – гадкий утенок
4. different languages
Ex.: to lose face (Chinese)
“The course of true reforms has never run smooth in Russia” – “the Times”
5. from history
Labours of Hercules – Қабанбайдың күші
3. receive - reception, decide - decision, protect - protection, inform - information, revise - revision, reserve - reservation, pollute - pollution.
#4 BORROWINGS
More than two thirds of the English vocabulary are borrowings. Mostly they are words of Romanic origin (Latin, French, Italian, Spanish). Borrowed words are different from native ones by their phonetic structure, by their morphological structure and also by their grammatical forms.
English history is very rich in different types of contacts with other countries, that is why it is very rich in borrowings. The Roman invasion, the adoption of Cristianity, Scandinavian and Norman conquests of the British Isles, trade and cultural relations served to increase immensely the English vocabulary. The majority of these borrowings are fully assimilated in English in their pronunciation, grammar, spelling and can be hardly distinguished from native words.
Latin borrowings.
e.g. formula - formulae. memorandum, minimum, maximum, veto etc.
French borrowings
a) words relating to government : administer, empire, state, government;
b) words relating to military affairs: army, war, banner, soldier, battle;
c) words relating to jury: advocate, petition, inquest, sentence, barrister;
d) words relating to food and cooking: ragout, cuisine.
Platform, train, flight, station
Western, cartoon, comedy, novel
Speak, jump, shout, talk
Bill, ticket, receipt, tip
Tower, palace, queen, castle
Temperature, teeth, headache, flu
Leaf, flower, plant, grow
№5 Morphololgical structure of English words.
Morphology studies the internal structure of words. The structure of English words includes many items. There are such as affixes, prefixes allomorphs etc.
For example, the word "unacceptability" can be divided into un-, accept, abil-, and -ity (abil- being a variant of -able).
Affixes, word elements attached to words, may either precede, as prefixes (do, undo; way, subway), or follow, as suffixes (do, doer; way, wayward).
Suffixes
Classification of suffixes
Noun-forming suffixes:
-age (bondage); -ant/-ent (disinfectant, student); -dom (kingdom, freedom);-ee (employee); er (writer); -ess (actress); -hood (manhood); -ness (tenderness); -ship (friendship) etc.
Adjective-forming suffixes:
-able/-ible/-uble (unbearable, audible, soluble); -al (formal); -ish(Irish, reddish); -ive (active); -less (useless); -like (lifelike); -ous/ious (trendous, curious); -some (tiresome) etc.
Numeral-forming suffixes:
-fold (twofold); -teen (fourteen); -th (seventh); -ty (sixty).
Verb-forming suffixes:
-ate (facilitate); -er (glimmer); -en (shorten); -ish (establish); -ize (equalize).
Adverb-forming suffixes:
-ly (coldly); -ward/-wards (upward, northwards); -wise (likewise).
Prefixes
Derivational morphemes affixed before the stem are called prefixes. They modify the lexical meaning of stem, but in so doing they seldom effects its basic lexico-grammatical component.
There are negative and non-negative classes of prefixes English words:
de-, dis-, in-/im-,/il/ ir-, un-.
The general idea of negation is expressed by dis-; it may mean `not', `away', `apart'. agree:: disagree (not to agree), appear:: disappear (reverse of appear). Non- is often used in abstract verbal nouns such as noninterference, nonsense, or nonresistance, and participles or former participles like noncommissioned (about an officer in the army below the rank of a commissioned officer).
Match the words with their definitions.
Efficient c) able, clever at smth needing practical skil
Confident d) certain, sure
Generous e) showing readiness to give money, help, kindness
Loyal h) true to one’s friends, country
Patient j) having the ability to wait for smth calmly for a long time
Considerate i) thoughtful of the rights or feelings of others
Sly b) clever at deceiving people
Easy going f) good-natured, taking love easily
Capable a) able to perform duties well
Witty g) cleverly amusing
№6 What is the most productive ways of word-building?
Word-building is one of the main ways of enriching vocabulary. There are four main ways of word-building in modern English: affixation, composition, conversion, abbreviation. There are also secondary ways of word-building: sound interchange, stress interchange, sound imitation, blends, back formation.