Основной идеей текста является …

			Emotion is a complex state of feeling that serves a variety of purposes.
			Emotions give us the tools we need to interact in a variety of social situations.
			Emotions can play an important role in how we think and behave.
			Emotions can motivate us to act in particular ways.

Emotions 1. Emotions exert an incredibly powerful force on human behavior. Strong emotions can cause you to take actions you might not normally perform, or avoid situations that you generally enjoy. 2. In psychology, emotion is often defined as a complex state of feeling that results in physical and psychological changes that influence thought and behavior. Emotionality is associated with a range of psychological phenomena including temperament, personality, mood and motivation. According to author David G. Meyers, human emotion involves «…physiological arousal, expressive behaviors, and conscious experience». 3. The James-Lange theory is one of the best-known examples of a physiological theory of emotion. Independently proposed by psychologist William James and physiologist Carl Lange, the James-Lange theory of emotion suggests that emotions occur as a result of physiological reactions to events. According to this theory, you see an external stimulus that leads to a physiological reaction. Your emotional reaction is dependent upon how you interpret those physical reactions. Содержанию текста соответствует утверждение …

			When we experience an emotional response, our body is going through a lot of changes.
			Knowing what we are experiencing makes it easier to regulate or manage our emotions.
			People often experience very intense emotions, such as fear, anxiety, anger and sadness.
			Thoughts and other mental activities play an essential role in the formation of emotions.

Завершите утверждение согласно содержанию текста. Emotionality is connected with …

			psychological features
			internal stimuli
			life experience
			social relationships

Ответьте на вопрос: What causes emotions?

			Events do.
			Behavior does.
			Thoughts do.
			Temperament does.

Основной идеей текста является …

			Emotions influence greatly our behavior and thoughts.
			Responses within the body are responsible for emotions.
			Activity within the brain leads to emotional responses.
			Emotions can be unpredictable, uncontrollable and frightening.

Motivation 1. Motivation is defined as the process that initiates, guides and maintains goal-oriented behaviors. It involves the biological, emotional, social and cognitive forces that activate behavior. Psychologists have proposed a number of different theories of motivation, including drive theory, instinct theory and humanistic theory. 2. There are three major components of motivation: activation, persistence and intensity. Activation involves the decision to initiate a behavior. Persistence is the continued effort toward a goal even though obstacles may exist. Finally, intensity can be seen in the concentration and vigor that goes into pursuing a goal. 3. Different types of motivation are frequently described as being either extrinsic or intrinsic. Extrinsic motivations are those that arise from outside of the individual and often involve rewards such as trophies, money, social recognition or praise. These rewards provide satisfaction and pleasure that the task itself may not provide. Intrinsic motivation refers to motivation that comes from inside an individual rather than from any external or outside rewards, such as money or grades. The motivation comes from the pleasure one gets from the task itself or from the sense of satisfaction in completing or even working on a task. Содержанию текста соответствует утверждение …

			Motivation is a driving force that compels or reinforces an action toward a desired goal.
			Extrinsic motivation occurs when people do something because it brings them pleasure.
			Some theories emphasize the distinction between conscious and unconscious motivations.
			People have many unconscious motivations that cause them to make important decisions.

Завершите утверждение согласно содержанию текста. Intrinsic motivation refers to motivation that is driven by …

			an interest in the task itself
			external pressures
			a desire for reward
			enjoyment in the result

Ответьте на вопрос: What does the initial stage of motivation consist in?

			The decision is made to start a behavior.
			The efforts are made to achieve goals.
			The decision is made to change a behavior.
			The efforts are made to change goals.