Forge or Blacksmith Welding. Thermit Welding

Forge welding is a process whereby the two masses of metal to be welded are heated in a blacksmith's forge or appropriate furnace until the metal reaches a plastic stage. At that time the two masses are quickly joined and fused together by force from a hand or power hammer. Such a process is limited to fairly low carbon steels of solid plain shape. It is obvious that such welding has a narrow range of application, although there is still a large quantity of forge welding done in railrod shops and country blacksmith shops.

Thermit welding is not a common pro­cess. The process consists of a chemical reaction obtained by igniting finely divided aluminium and iron oxide.

A mold is formed around the pieces to be welded, and the metal is then preheated to a dull red colour. The aluminium and iron oxide are retained in a funnel-shaped receptacle which can be tapped into the mold when the aluminium and iron oxide have been made molten by the chemical reaction which is started by a fuse. The temperature of the molten metal is high enough to fuse the broken sections, thus forming a homo­geneous mass of metal.

The equipment for thermit welding is simple and inexpen­sive but the quality of the weld is not such as to recommend it for extensive use. The process can be used only on low car­bon steels and wrought iron.

Exercise 2 Expand information about the text. Make up five questions to the text covering its context in detail, answer these questions.

Exercise 3 Read and translate the statements. Correct the statements if they are wrong.

1. Forge welding is used to weld any kind of metal.

2. Nowadays blacksmith welding has a wide range of application.

3. Thermit welding consists of a chemical reaction obtained by igniting finely divided aluminium and iron oxide.

4. The equipment for thermit welding is complex and expensive.

5. Thermit welding is recommended for extensive use.

Exercise 4 Translate these phrases into Ukrainian and make up sentences with them.

1. two masses of metal;

2. to join and fuse together by force;

3. to be limited to fairly low carbon steel;

4. of solid plain shape;

5. a funnel shaped receptacle;

6. a homogeneous mass of metal.

Exercise 5 Talk over the usage of forge and thermit weldings nowadays, their advantages and disadvantages.

UNIT 4

Exercise 1 Read and translate the text paying special attention to the words given in bold type.

Welding processes. Arc welding

Arc welding uses a welding power supply to create and maintain an electric arc between an electrode and the base

m aterial to melt metals at the welding point. They can use either direct (DC) or alternating (AC) current, and consumable or non-consumable electrodes.

The welding region is sometimes protected by some type of inert or

semi-inert gas, known as a shielding gas, and filler material is sometimes used as well.

Power supplies To supply the electrical energy necessary for arc welding processes, a number of different power supplies can be used. The most common classification is constant current power supplies and constant voltage power supplies. In arc welding, the length of the arc is directly related to the voltage, and the amount of heat input is related to the current. Constant current power supplies are most often used for manual welding processes such as gas tungsten arc welding and shielded metal arc welding, because they maintain a relatively constant current even as the voltage varies. This is important because in manual welding, it can be difficult to hold the electrode perfectly steady, and as a result, the arc length and thus voltage tend to fluctuate. Constant voltage power supplies hold the voltage constant and vary the current, and as a result, are most often used for automated welding processes such as gas metal arc welding, flux cored arc welding, and submerged arc welding. In these processes, arc length is kept constant, since any fluctuation in the distance between the wire and the base material is quickly rectified by a large change in current. For example, if the wire and the base material get too close, the current will rapidly increase, which in turn causes the heat to increase and the tip of the wire to melt, returning it to its original separation distance.

The type of current used in arc welding also plays an important role in welding. Consumable electrode processes such as shielded metal arc welding and gas metal arc welding generally use direct current, but the electrode can be charged either positively or negatively. In welding, the positively charged anode will have a greater heat concentration, and as a result, changing the polarity of the electrode has an impact on weld properties. If the electrode is positively charged, the base metal will be hotter, increasing weld penetration and welding speed. Alternatively, a negatively charged electrode results in more shallow welds. Nonconsumable electrode processes, such as gas tungsten arc welding, can use either type of direct current, as well as alternating current. However, with direct current, because the electrode only creates the arc and does not provide filler material, a positively charged electrode causes shallow welds, while a negatively charged electrode makes deeper welds. Alternating current rapidly moves between these two, resulting in medium-penetration welds. One disadvantage of AC, the fact that the arc must be re-ignited after every zero crossing, has been addressed with the invention of special power units that produce a square wave pattern instead of the normal sine wave, making rapid zero crossings possible and minimizing the effects of the problem.

Exercise 2 Answer the following questions:

1. What is arc welding?

2. What is shielding gas and what is it used for?

3. What power supplies are necessary for arc welding processes?

4. What process are constant current power supplies used for and why?

5. What types of current are used in arc welding?

Exercise 3 Give the Ukrainian equivalents of the following words:

Welding power supply, consumable or nonconsumable electrodes, semi-inert gas, filler material, constant current power, voltage.

Exercise 4 What safety precautions in arc welding do you know? Read detailed instructions for necessary actions to avoid the hazards (on page …) and discuss them in group.

Exercise 5 Tell whether each of the following statements is true or false, according to the article. Correct the false statements to make them true.

1. To supply the electrical energy necessary for arc welding processes only constant current power supplies can be used.

2. The type of current doesn’t play an important role in arc welding.

3. In welding the positively charged anode will have a greater heat concentration.

4. Nonconsumable electrode processes can use only alternating current.

Exercise 6 Find in the text 4 sentences used in Present Indefinite Tense. Write these sentences in Future and Past Indefinite Tenses.

UNIT 5

Exercise 1 Translate the text into Ukrainian