Question 24

A verb is in the subjunctive mood when it expresses a condition which is doubtful or not factual. It is most often found in a clause beginning with the word if. It is also found in clauses following a verb that expresses a doubt, a wish, regret, request, demand, or proposal.

These are verbs typically followed by clauses that take the subjunctive:

ask, demand, determine, insist, move, order, pray, prefer, recommend, regret, request, require, suggest, and wish.

Subjunctive I.

Meaning: it represents the action as problematic.

Form: it reminds us of the form of the infinitive without the particle “to”. This form is used for all the persons.

Ex. The Poles demamnded that Ivan Susanin show them the way to Moscow.

Success attend you! – Пусть Вам сопутствует удача!

       Subjunctive I has no tenses.

 

Use:

1)      it can express suggestion, order, supposition, desirability.

Ex. Catherine II ordered that Radishchev be thrown to prison.

2)      Subjunctive I is very seldom used in Modern English. It can be found in the language of official documents, elevated poetry and American English. Instead of Sub I in colloquial speech we can find the Suppositional Mood which is synonymous with Sub I in its meaning.

Ex. Sub I: The agronomist demanded that we water flowers every day.

      Suppos. : The agronomist demanded that we should water flowers every day.

3)      is used in set expressions and it has in them an optative meaning (желательное значение).

Ex. God bless you!

      So be it!

 

Subjunctive I is also used in slogans where it has an optative meaning.

Ex. Long live the Queen

Questions 18 & 12.

May / might / could - to express probability in the present
Structure: modal + infinitive without to may be, might do, could go, etc.
We use may or could or might to say that it is possible that something will happen or is happening.	They may be arriving tomorrow. He might be away on holiday. He could be away on holiday.  He might be offered the job.
The negative of may is may not. The negative of might is might not. They both mean that it is possible that something will not happen or is not happening. We DO NOT use could not to express probability.	He might not be offered the job.  I may not pass the exam. I might not go to the match tomorrow. I  go to the match tomorrow.

We use may or might to say that something is possible or that it is quite likely.

We can use them for the present or the future.

It may/might be a bomb. (= Perhaps it is a bomb.)

/ may/might go to the disco tomorrow. (= Perhaps I will go to the disco.)

We can use could to say that something is possible.

The story could be true, I suppose. (= Possibly it is true.)

You could win a million pounds! (= Possibly you will win a million pounds.)

Sometimes could means only a small possibility. It is possible (but not likely) that

you will win a million pounds.

In some situations we can use may, might or could. It may/might/could rain later.

After may, might or could we can use a continuous form (be + an ing-form). That man may/might be watching us. (= Perhaps he is watching us.) Sarah may/might be working late tonight. (= Perhaps she will be working late.) I'm not sure where Matthew is. He could be playing squash. (= Possibly he is playing squash.)

B May, might and could in the negative

The negative forms are may not, might not/mightn't, and could not/couldn't

MAY NOT AND MIGHT NOT

Something negative is possible. Daniel may not get the job. Tom might not be in. I mightn't finish the marathon tomorrow. (It is possible that I will not finish it.)

couldn't

Something is impossible.

Vicky is afraid of heights. She couldn't climb

onto the roof.

I'm completely unfit. I couldn't run a marathon. (It is impossible for me to run it.)

Must and can't

MUST

We use must when we realize that something is certainly true.

She isn't answering the phone. She must be out. I had my keys a moment ago. They must be here

somewhere.

Andrew isn't here. He must be working in the library.

CAN’T

We use can't when we realize that something is impossible.

We haven't walked far. You can't be tired yet. Life can't be easy when you have to spend it in a

wheelchair.

Nick can't be touring Scotland. I saw him hat this morning.