Question 14

Direct Speech

Direct speech repeats, or quotes, the exact words spoken. When we use direct speech in writing, we place the words spoken between inverted commas ("....") and there is no change in these words. We may be reporting something that's being said NOW (for example a telephone conversation), or telling someone later about a previous conversation

Examples

• She says "What time will you be home?"

• She said "What time will you be home?" and I said "I don't know! "

• "There's a fly in my soup!" screamed Simone.

• John said, "There's an elephant outside the window."

Question 15

We use would for a past prediction or a prediction about a possible situation. Past: At midnight Sarah was still working. She would be tired the next day.

Possible: How about going to Cornwall next weekend? ~ That would be nice. I wouldn't enjoy a camping holiday.

Used + to-infinitive means that something happened regularly or went on for a time in the past. I used to travel means that in the past I regularly travelled, but I no longer do so.

Here are some more examples.

We used to play that game when we were younger.

Nick used to smoke, but he gave it up. I used to like fish, but I never eat it now.

We cannot use this structure in the present tense. Claire travels a lot. not Claire uses- to~travel-a-lot.

We normally use didn't use to in negatives and did ... use to in questions. We didn't use to have computers, or We never used to have computers. Where did people use to buy their food before the supermarket was built? Did you use to live in London?

Be used to + ing-form means that.

Here are some more examples.

We're used to getting up early. We do it every day. not We're used to get up early.

Sarah is used to working late at the office. Most visitors to Britain aren't used to driving on the left.

We can also say get used to to talk about things becoming more familiar. It was difficult at first, but Mike soon got used to working at night. After her husband died, the old woman had to get used to living on her own.

Would and used (something is familiar and is no longer strange. I'm used to travelling means that travelling is no longer strange or difficult because I have done it for so long to) have very similar meanings and can often be used in the same situations.  Would express that an activity was routine, typical behavior, frequently repeated.

Would expresses that an activity was frequently repeated; therefore, it cannot refer to past states, except when related to the occurrence of another activity (time-relative activity).

Question 1, 23

Imperatives are like infinitives without to. We use them, for example, to tell people what to do, to give them advice, or to give them friendly invitations. Turn left at the next crossroads. Always hold the tennis racket like this.

Pay here. Try again. Come and hove dinner with us. Have some more meat.

Negative imperatives begin do not, don't or never.

Please do not park here.

The imperative mood (often referred to simply as a command) is used to express demands, instructions or requests. We usually use the second person (plural or singular) with an unspoken "you" for the subject.

When you're feeling bossy you can use the imperative.

For example: Come in! Shut that door. Turn that computer off now!

You can also tell people not to do something. For example: Don't eat that gummy bear! This can all seem a bit rude really, so you can soften the command:-

For example: Please, come in. Shut the door, please. We can use the imperative to give a direct order. Take that chewing gum out of your mouth.

Stand up straight. Give me the details. We can use the imperative to give instructions. Open your book. Take two tablets every evening. Take a left and then a right. We can use the imperative to make an invitation. Come in and sit down. Make yourself at home. Please start without me. I'll be there shortly. Have a piece of this cake. It's delicious. We can use the imperative on signs and notices.

Push. Do not use. Insert one dollar. We can use the imperative to give friendly informal advice. Speak to him. Tell him how you feel. Have a quiet word with her about it. Don't go. Stay at home and rest up. Get some sleep and recover. We can make the imperative 'more polite' by adding 'do'. Do be quiet. Do come. Do sit down.