Questions 11& 25

Subjunctive II is used to express an action which is contrary to reality. It has two forms: present Subjunctive II and past Subjunctive II. Present Subjunctive II coincides in form with the Past Indefinite (Past Continuous) Tense. The verb ‘to be’ has the form ‘were’ for all persons. It refers the action to the present or future. e.g. If he knew the truth he wouldn’t be so angry. I wish I knew it.

Форма сослагательного 2 используется при выражении сожаления неосуществлённого желания относящегося к настоящему, прошлому или будущему совпадает с формой past indefinite, если высказывание относится к настоящему или будущему времени. Если высказывание относится к настоящему или будущему, то используется Past indefinite и Would : If I had any free time now or tomorrow, I would do the work myself = Если бы у меня было свободное время сейчас или завтра, я бы сделал эту работу сам. If he were in New York next week, he would come to see us = Если бы он был в Нью-Йорке на будущей неделе, он бы нас навестил. I wish I was in London now = Мне бы хотелось быть в Лондоне сейчас. (То есть: жаль, что я не в Лондоне сейчас). Если высказывание относится к прошлому, то используется Past perfect и Would have : If I had had any free time yesterday, I would have done the work myself = Если бы у меня было свободное время вчера, я бы сделал эту работу сам. I wish she had come yesterday = Мне бы хотелось, чтобы она пришла вчера. (То есть: жаль, что она не пришла вчера). В сослагательном 2 глагол to be имеет форму "were" для всех лиц в случае, если речь идёт о настоящем или будущем : If I were in Las-Vegas now, I would go to see the new casino = Если бы я был сейчас в Лас-Вегасе, то посмотрел бы но новое казино. В современном английском в подобных случаях в придаточных предложениях есть тенденция употреблять was вместо were : If I was out of touch with my friends, I would be ashamed of myself = Если бы я не поддерживал связи со своими друзьями, мне было бы стыдно. Если выражение относится к прошлому, то глагол to be имеет форму had been : If I had been there, too, I would have heard the story myself = Если бы я тоже был там, я бы сам услышал этот рассказ.

Questions 2 & 7 & 16.

We can use infinitives and gerunds as subjects. But gerunds are more common. Smoking is bad for you. (More natural than to smoke is bad for you.)

We can use infinitives to say why we do things.

I got up early to catch the 7.15 train.

After some verbs we use infinitives; after others we use -ing forms.

I expect to pass my exams. l'll finish studying in June. We can use infinitives after some adjectives and nouns.

She's ready to leave. l'm glad to see you. l've got work to do. After prepositions we use -ing forms, not infinitives.

You can't live without eating. I usually watch TV before going to bed.

Infinitives often have to before them; but not always. I want to go home, but I can’t go now. We usually put to with infinitives. I want to go home. But we use infinitives without to after do/does/did in questions and negatives

Does john speak Russian? I didn't understand.

We also use infinitives without to after the modal verbs con, could, may, might, will, would, shall, should,

Must and had better. We make negative infinitives with not (to) + verb. We use an infinitive with to to say why we do something. I turned on the TV to watch the news. After some verbs we use an infinitive with to. I hope to go to Ireland later this year. We often say that we want somebody to do something. My boyfriend wants me to do all the cooking. We can use would like in the same way. I'd like you to listen to this song. We can use some other verbs like this. For example: ask, expect, help, need, tell. I asked Peter to work with me. We can use adjective + infinitive (with to) to say what we think of things that people do. We do this with adjectives like clever, crazy right, silly, stupid and wrong.

You're crazy to think you can get there in on hour. We can also use infinitives (with to) after adjectives for feelings, like afraid, glad, hoppy, pleased,

sad, surprised, unhappy. After adjective + enough, we can use an infinitive (with to). Julie’s old enough to drive now. After too + adjective, we can use an infinitive (with to). l'm too tired to sing. We can often use infinitives with to after nouns.

l've got some letters to write. We can use infinitives with to after words like somebody, anything and nowhere. Would you like something to drink?