Билет 1

1. How many sounds in the English language? What types of sounds do you know? What sounds do we refer to them?

There are 44 sounds (20 vowels + 24 consonants) that make up the sounds of our English language. Each individual sound is sometimes referred to as a grapheme or phoneme in special brackets – transcription. 20 of the sounds we refer to as vowel sounds. Seven short ([ʌ], [ə], [æ], [ɪ], [e], [ɔ], [u]). Five long ([ɑ:], [3:], [ɪ:], [ɔ:], [u:]). The length of a sound is indicated by a colon after this sound. There are eight diphthongs in English. Diphthong is a sequence of two vowel sounds, which are pronounced as one. Diphthongs are always vowels ([ɑɪ], [au], [eɪ], [əu], [eə], [ɪə], [ɔɪ], [uə]). 24 of the sounds we refer to as consonant sounds. Consonant are divided into voiced and voiceless. Stress is shown as an apostrophe before a syllable.

Билет 2

1.How many vowel sounds in English? Why are vowel sounds important? What kind of vowel sounds do you know?

Vowels are very important because they help us pronounce a word. In fact, in the English language, every word must have at least one vowel in it, or else it would be unpronounceable. For example, TBL is not only unpronounceable, but it also means absolutely nothing. However, if we add two vowels (an A and an E), then it becomes the English word TABLE. 20 of the sounds we refer to as vowel sounds. Seven short ([ʌ], [ə], [æ], [ɪ], [e], [ɔ], [u]). Five long ([ɑ:], [3:], [ɪ:], [ɔ:], [u:]). The length of a sound is indicated by a colon after this sound. There are eight diphthongs in English. Diphthong is a sequence of two vowel sounds, which are pronounced as one. Diphthongs are always vowels ([ɑɪ], [au], [eɪ], [əu], [eə], [ɪə], [ɔɪ], [uə]).

Билет 3

1.Speak on the system of consonants

Consonant is defined in articulatory phonetics as a sound in speech that is spoken with the vocal tract in a partially closed position or totally closed position. 24 of the sounds we refer to as consonant sounds. Consonant are divided into voiced and voiceless. Consonants are usually used at the beginning of words, in the middle of words, or at the end of words. In between these consonants, there are vowels. When we put the consonants and vowels together, they make it possible for us to pronounce the word.

Articulation is the movement of the tongue, lips, jaw, and other speech organs (the articulators) in order to make speech sounds.

The point of maximum obstruction is known as the place of articulation, and the way in which the obstruction is formed and released is known as the manner of articulation.

Place of articulation, positions of speech organs to create distinctive speech sounds.

Manner of articulation, how speech organs involved in making a sound

Table of English Consonant Phonemes
		Place of Articulation
		Bilabial Губно-губной	Labio-dental Губно-зубные	Dental Зубной (дентальный)	Alveolar В области альвеол	Palato- alveolar Нёбно-альолярный	Palatal твердонебный	Velar задненебный	Glottal Образованный в голосовой щели
Manner of articulation	Plosive (stops) Взрывной	p b			t d			k g
	Affricate (аффрикаты)					ʧ ʤ
	Fricative Щелевые (фрикативные)		f v	θ ð	s z	ʃ ʒ			h
	Nasal носовой	m			n			ŋ
	Lateral боковой				l
	Approximant апроксиманты	(w)				r	j

a plosive consonant  is a consonant that is made by blocking a part of the mouth so that no air can pass through, and the pressure increases behind the place where it is blocked, and when the air is allowed to pass through again, this sound is created. This sound is the plosive consonant. The blocking is usually done using the tongue, the lips or the throat. Plosives can be voiced or voiceless.

Affricates are consonants that begin as stops (most often an alveolar, such as [t] or [d]) but release as a fricative (such as [s] or [z] or occasionally into a fricative trill) rather than directly into the following vowel. English has two affricates, spelled ch and j.

Fricatives are consonants produced by forcing air through a narrow channel made by placing two articulators close together. hese may be the lower lip against the upper teeth, in the case of [f];

Nasal is produced with a lowered velum (нёбная занавеска), allowing air to escape freely through the nose.

Lateral in which airstream proceeds along the sides of the tongue, but is blocked by the tongue from going through the middle of the mouth.

Approximants are speech sounds that involve the articulators approaching each other but not narrowly enough[1] nor with enough articulatory precision[2] to create turbulent airflow.

a bilabial consonant is a consonant articulated with both lips

labiodentals are consonants articulated with the lower lip and the upper teeth.

A dental consonant is a consonant articulated with the tongue against the upper teeth

Alveolar consonants are articulated with the tongue against or close to the superior alveolar ridge (лунка зуба)

Palato- alveolar  that are weakly palatalized палатализовать (смягчать согласные) with a domed (bunched-up) tongue. Куполообразный вверх

Palatal consonants are consonants articulated with the body of the tongue raised against the hard palate (the middle part of the roof of the mouth). 

Velars are consonants articulated with the back part of the tongue against the soft palate (нёбо), the back part of the roof of the mouth (known also as the velum).

Glottal consonants are consonants articulated with the glottis(голосовая щель).

Билет 4

1. Give the definition to the word “syllable”.

A syllable is a group of one or more sounds. The essential part of a syllable is a vowel sound (V). Some syllables are just one vowel sound: eye [aɪ].

Билет 5

1.Speak on demands to a phonetic analysis of English words.

1. To write a transcription of a word

2. To put the stress

3. To count amount of letters

4. To count amount of syllables

5. To count amount of vowels (how many short/long/ diphthongs (if has))

6. To count amount of consonants (how many voiced, voiceless)

Билет 6

1. Give the definition to the word “stress”.

Stress is the relative emphasis that may be given to certain syllables in a word, in other words it is called word stress.

Билет 7

1.Speak on stylistic classification of English lexis

The English language is divided into 3 layers: literary, colloquial, neutral. Literary words are chiefly used in writing and in polished speech. Colloquial vocabulary is used in communication. Neutral words are used in both literary and colloquial language. Literary vocabulary is divided in several groups. 1) Terms are words of a definite branch of science (chemical - химический) 2) Poetic and highly literary words are met in a definite style of language.3) Archaic words are words which disappeared, “dead”, or changed their meanings completely (the word “marry” – in past meant “surprised agreement”, nowadays it means – marital status) 4) Barbarisms or foreign words (borrowings) which have not entirely been assimilated in English. They bear the appearance of a borrowing and are felt as something alien to the native tongue (rouge – румяна, губная помада от французского «красный»). 5) Professionalisms are the words used in a definite trade, profession or calling by people connected by common interests both at work or at home (trial – судебный процесс). Colloquial vocabulary is divided into: 1) slang – the special vocabulary used by any set of persons of low character (kids - дети, ace - друган). 2 Jargonisms are terms for a group of words that exist in almost every language and whose aim is to preserve secrecy within one or another social group (dummy - чайник).3) Vulgar words are used only in colloquial or low speech (bros – братаны, mess around - тусоваться)

Билет 8

1. Give the definition to the word “polysemy”.

Polysemy - the existence of several meanings for a single word or phrase

bank	Shore of a river	place where things are kept secure
book	a bound collection of pages	text distributed as a book

Билет 9

1. Give the definition to the word “cognates”.

Cognates are words descended from a common ancestor; that is, words having the same linguistic family or derivation. (sensible-sensitive; the same root sense )

Билет 10

1. Give the definition to the word “homonyms”. What 2 types of homonyms do you know?

The term "homonyms" in its broad meaning includes homonyms, homophones, and homographs. In more specific sense, homonyms are words with the same spelling and pronunciation but different in meaning. Homophones have the same pronunciation but are different in spelling and meaning. Homographs are spelled the same but differ in meaning and pronunciation. Homophones present the most difficulty for learners of English. The list below is mostly for intermediate and advanced students. It includes common homonyms and less frequently used homonyms, with examples illustrating their use.

Билет 11

1. Give the definition to the word “synonym”.

A synonym is a word that has the same or approximately the same meaning as another word in one or several senses. Strictly speaking, there are no synonyms that have completely the same meaning and can be interchangeable in all cases.

Билет 12

1. Give the definition to the word “antonym”.

An antonym is a word that has the opposite or approximately the opposite meaning to that of another word. (begin-finish, beautiful-ugly)

Билет 13

1. Give the definition to the word “idioms”.

Idioms are fixed expressions with non-literal meaning: cannot be understood from the combined meanings of its actual words. On the other hand due to idioms our speech became bright and colourful.

Билет 14

1. What is an autobiography?

Autobiography is a business document of a person's life shortly written by that person.

Autobiography for a job interview: Suppose you go for a job interview and the interviewer asks for a brief autobiography, then one should mainly focus on academic qualifications, schooling, professional interests and achievements. 

Autobiography for a college admission: In many colleges, they would generally ask the student to give a brief autobiography. This should include life details but also necessary memories and details that would be interesting to read in relation to your interest to study in college and in a particular field. 

Achievements

Show what you have achieved

Illustrate what you have learned from the experiences

Show your personality and perspective from these experiences

Take these experiences to enhance your quality and impress others

Statement Of Purpose

For Job Market: Describe Career planning and work attitude, how you get along with colleagues and bosses. And how you are going to manage the new job

For Academy: Show your academic insight, depth, and how well you understand the field

Ending

Make your goal clear

Try as much as possible to impress people

Be honest and sincere

Билет 15

1.What is a reference letter? Speak on the structure of a reference letter.

Reference letter should provide information on your connection with the person you are recommending, why they are qualified and the skills they have.

Reference Letter Format

Address information

Salutation If you are writing a personal letter of reference, include a salutation (Dear Dr. Smith, Dear Mr. Jones, etc.). If you are writing a general reference letter, say "To Whom it May Concern" or simply don't include a salutation.

Paragraph 1 The first paragraph of the reference letter explains your connection to the person you are recommending, including how you know them, and why you are qualified to write a reference letter to recommend employment or graduate school.

Paragraph 2 the second paragraph of the reference letter contains specific information on the person you are writing about, including why they are qualified, what they can contribute, and why you are providing a reference letter. If necessary, use more than one paragraph to provide details.When writing a reference letter referring a candidate for a particular job opening, the letter will include information on how the person's skills match the position they are applying for..

Summary this section of the reference letter contains a brief summary of why are you are recommending the person. State that you "highly recommend" the person or you "recommend without reservation" or something similar.

Conclusion The concluding paragraph of the reference letter contains an offer to provide more information. Include a phone number within the paragraph, also include the phone number and email address in the return address section of your letter or in your signature.

Sincerely,

Signature (hard copy letter)

Writer Name Title

Билет 16