- •Федеральное агентство по образованию
- •English grammar: a key to successful communication:
- •Учебно-методическое пособие
- •Печатается по постановлению Редакционно-издательского совета Нижневартовского государственного гуманитарного университета
- •English Grammar: a Key to Successful Communication: The Essentials. Part 1: Учебно-методическое пособие / Сост. Р. Я. Солодкин. – Нижневартовск: нггу, 2009. – 51 с.
- •Unit 1. The verb to be
- •1.1. Complete the sentences using a suitable form of the verb “to be”.
- •1.2. Render the sentences into English.
- •Unit 2. Numerals
- •2.1. Say the following numerals in English.
- •2.2. Say the following dates in English.
- •2.3. “What time is it?”
- •2.4. Find the errors in these statements and correct them.
- •2.5. Give an English equivalent for the underlying sentences.
- •3.1. Rewrite the sentences, using there is or there are.
- •3.2. Rewrite the sentences, using there was or there were.
- •3.3. Make these sentences into questions. Begin each question with the words given.
- •3.4. Fill in the gaps with it or there.
- •3.5. Complete the sentences using there is or it is. Use inversion where necessary.
- •3.6. Rewrite these sentences to begin with “there” as an impersonal subject.
- •3.7. Make ten sentences from this table.
- •3.8. Rewrite each sentence, ending as shown, so that it has a similar meaning to the first sentence, and so that it contains it or there.
- •3.9. The word “it” has been left out of these sentences. The number in brackets tells you how many times it should occur. Show where it should be.
- •3.10. Rewrite these sentences with “it” and a “to”-infinitive clause.
- •3.11. Give an English equivalent for the following sentences.
- •Unit 4. Questions
- •4.1. Expand the “What about…?” phrases to make “yes/no”-questions.
- •4.2. Complete the “yes/no”-questions using the endings given.
- •4.3. Use the “wh”-words below to complete the questions which follow.
- •4.4. Rearrange the parts of the sentences to make questions with “wh”-words as subject.
- •4.5. Expand the “What about…?” phrases to make questions with “wh”-words as object.
- •4.6. Do these questions starting and finishing with the words given.
- •4.7. Write questions to which the words in bold are the answers.
- •4.8. Write a who or what question for each answer.
- •4.9. Write a question to each answer.
- •4.10. Match the questions and answers.
- •4.11. Here are some of the things people say at parties. Match the statements with the question tags.
- •4.12. Add the question tags.
- •4.13. Mark and Jenny went into the travel agent’s to book a holiday. These are some of the questions that were asked. Add the question tags.
- •4.14. Mark and Jenny were showing some family photographs to a friend. Here are some of the questions that were asked. Complete the questions by adding the question tags.
- •4.15. Complete these questions with the appropriate question tags.
- •4.16. Use question tags to complete these sentences.
- •4.17. Add question tags to these statements to make them into questions asking someone to confirm what you are saying, or to agree with you.
- •4.18. Add suitable question tags.
- •4.19. Add a question tag to each sentence.
- •4.20. Write a short answer for each question, beginning as shown.
- •4.21. Rewrite these requests using question tags.
- •4.22. Make a new sentence with a tag question which has the same meaning as the first sentence, beginning as shown. Make any necessary changes.
- •4.23. Render the following into English.
- •Unit 5. Possession
- •5.1. Choose the correct word or phrase in each sentence.
- •5.2. Complete these sentences by adding a possessive.
- •5.3. Complete these sentences by adding a possessive with “own”.
- •5.4. Complete the sentences by adding an apostrophe or an apostrophe s (’s) to the word or word combination in brackets.
- •5.5. Put an apostrophe where necessary.
- •5.6. Rewrite the replies to these questions.
- •5.7. For each question, complete the second sentence so that it means the same as the first, using no more than three words.
- •5.8. Find the errors in these sentences. Rewrite each sentence.
- •5.9. Rewrite these sentences using “a … of” instead of “one of”.
- •5.10. Give the English for the following sentences.
- •Unit 6. Pronouns
- •6.1. Choose the correct word in each sentence.
- •6.2. Complete the following sentences with “they”, “them” or “their”.
- •6.3. Use the correct reflexive pronouns to complete the following sentences.
- •6.4. Complete each sentence so that it includes a suitable form of one of the verbs from the box, and a reflexive pronoun.
- •6.5. Add personal pronouns to complete the story.
- •6.6. Choose a personal pronoun or a reflexive pronoun to complete these sentences correctly.
- •6.7. Change the phrases “on one’s own” to “by oneself”.
- •6.8. Supply the English for the underlying sentences.
- •Unit 7. Making comparisons
- •7.1. Write down the comparative and superlative forms of the adjectives below.
- •7.2. Correct the spelling of these words where necessary.
- •7.3. Complete these sentences using the comparative of the adjectives in brackets and “than”.
- •7.4. Form the comparative of the adjectives in these phrases and use the phrases in the sentences below.
- •7.5. Make sentences with a comparative form and “than”, using the words given.
- •7.6. Complete these sentences using the comparative and the superlative of the adjectives given.
- •7.7. Complete the following sentences using superlative adjectives in front of the nouns.
- •7.8. Put one suitable word in each space, beginning with the letter given. The number of letters in the word is suggested.
- •7.9. Choose the correct word or phrase in each sentence.
- •7.10. Complete each sentence with a comparative or superlative form of the word in bold. Include any other necessary words.
- •7.11. Choose the correct answer.
- •7.12. Change not as … as into less … than.
- •7.13. Supply as … as, not as … as, less. More than one answer may be possible.
- •7.14. Choose the correct answer.
- •7.15. Rewrite the sentences using the words in bold.
- •7.16. Put one suitable word in each space.
- •7.17. Put one suitable word in each space.
- •7.18. Complete the second sentence so that it has a similar meaning to the first sentence.
- •7.19. For each question, complete the second sentence so that it means the same as the first, using no more than three words.
- •7.20. Give an English equivalent for the sentences.
- •Recommended learning resources Reference and grammar books
- •Dictionaries
- •Internet resources
Unit 2. Numerals
REFERENCE
A General information
|
Cardinals |
Ordinals |
0 |
zero |
|
1 |
one |
the first |
2 |
two |
the second |
3 |
three |
the third |
4 |
four |
the fourth |
5 |
five |
the fifth |
6 |
six |
the sixth |
7 |
seven |
the seventh |
8 |
eight |
the eighth |
9 |
nine |
the ninth |
10 |
ten |
the tenth |
11 |
eleven |
the eleventh |
12 |
twelve |
the twelfth |
13 |
thirteen |
the thirteenth |
14 |
fourteen |
the fourteenth |
15 |
fifteen |
the fifteenth |
16 |
sixteen |
the sixteenth |
17 |
seventeen |
the seventeenth |
18 |
eighteen |
the eighteenth |
19 |
nineteen |
the nineteenth |
20 |
twenty |
the twentieth |
21 |
twenty-one |
the twenty-first |
22 |
twenty-two |
the twenty-second |
23 |
twenty-three |
the twenty-third |
30 |
thirty |
the thirtieth |
40 |
forty |
the fortieth |
50 |
fifty |
the fiftieth |
60 |
sixty |
the sixtieth |
70 |
seventy |
the seventieth |
80 |
eighty |
the eightieth |
90 |
ninety |
the ninetieth |
100 |
one hundred |
the hundredth |
101 |
one hundred and one |
the one hundred and first |
102 |
one hundred and two |
the one hundred and second |
103 |
one hundred and three |
the one hundred and third |
200 |
two hundred |
the two hundredth |
300 |
three hundred |
the three hundredth |
400 |
four hundred |
the four hundredth |
500 |
five hundred |
the five hundredth |
600 |
six hundred |
the six hundredth |
700 |
seven hundred |
the seven hundredth |
800 |
eight hundred |
the eight hundredth |
900 |
nine hundred |
the nine hundredth |
1000 |
one thousand |
the thousandth |
1001 |
one thousand (and) one |
the thousand first |
1002 |
one thousand (and) two |
the thousand second |
1003 |
one thousand (and) three |
the thousand third |
2000 |
two thousand |
the two thousandth |
30,000 |
thirty thousand |
the thirty thousandth |
55,500 |
fifty-five thousand five hundred |
the fifty-five thousand five hundredth |
100,000 |
one hundred thousand |
the one hundred thousandth |
1,000,000 |
one million |
the millionth |
1,000,000,000 |
one billion |
the billionth |
B Dates
При обозначении дат число больше 1000 делится на две равные части, которые называются отдельно:
1056 год – ten fifty-six
1709 год – seventeen o [əu] nine
1600 год – sixteen hundred
Но:
2000 год – two thousand
2001 год – two thousand and one
2005 год – two thousand and five
2009 год – two thousand and nine
2010 год – twenty ten
2011 год – twenty eleven
При обозначении дат до 1000 число делится на две части в соотношении 1:2, которые произносятся отдельно:
988 год – nine eighty-eight
Века обозначаются через порядковые числительные:
XX век – the twentieth century
NB Особое внимание следует обратить на разницу в письменном и устном обозначении дат с указанием точного числа и месяца года. Здесь возможно несколько вариантов:
Письменная речь |
Устная речь |
12 October 2004 |
the twelfth of October two thousand and four
|
12th October 2004 |
|
October 12, 2004 |
October the twelfth two thousand and four |
October 12th, 2004 |
Первые два варианта более характерны для британского варианта (British English), последние два – для американского варианта (American English) современного английского языка.
Возможно и только числовое обозначение дат:
09/05/07.
Однако в данном случае необходимо иметь в виду следующее. В британском английском эта дата понимается как 9 мая 2007 года, т. е. в порядке день / месяц / год. В американском английском эта дата будет воспринята как 7 мая 2009 года, т. е. в порядке год / месяц / день.
C Denoting rooms, pages, flights, etc. (Номера помещений, страниц, рейсов и т. д.)
В таких случаях слово, предшествующее номеру, обычно пишется с заглавной буквы, а номер произносится как количественное числительное:
The lecture on Russian literature is taking place in Room 432. (Room four hundred and thirty two)
Исключение составляет слово “page”, которое пишется со строчной буквы:
You can find this scheme on page 54. (page fifty-four)
Или: You can find this scheme on the fifty-fourth page.
В обозначениях авиарейсов, моделей технических средств каждая цифра произносится отдельно:
I’ve booked two tickets for Flight 6559. (Flight six five five nine)
The British Airways bought a new Boeing-747 last week. (… seven four seven …)
World War II (World War two) или the Second World War
D Denoting “0” in some sport games (Обозначение ноля в некоторых спортивных играх)
В футболе «ноль» обозначается словом nil, в теннисе – love:
France beat Italy 2-0. (two-nil)
Williams leads 40-0. (forty-love)
E Fractions (Дробные числа)
1/2 – a half |
1/3 – a third |
1/4 – a quarter / a fourth |
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2/3 – two thirds |
2/5 – two fifths |
3/7 – three sevenths |
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|
|
|
|
|
|
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0.4 – zero point four |
|
1.5 – one point five |
|
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2.67 – two point six seven |
|
5.09 – five point o [əu] nine |
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F Denoting time (Обозначение времени)
am or a.m. (от лат. ante meridiem – «до полудня»): 0:00 → 12:00
pm or p.m. (от лат. post meridiem – «после полудня»): 12:00 → 0:00
12:00 – it’s noon / midday
13:05 – it’s five past one p.m. / thirteen o [əu] five
17:15 – it’s a quarter past five p.m. / seventeen fifteen
18:25 – it’s twenty-five past six p.m. / eighteen twenty-five
19:30 – it’s half past seven p.m. / nineteen thirty
20:40 – it’s twenty to nine p.m. / twenty forty
21:45 – it’s a quarter to ten p.m. / twenty-one forty-five
22:55 – it’s five to eleven p.m. / twenty-two fifty-five
23:00 – it’s eleven p.m. (sharp) / twenty-three sharp / *twenty-three hundred
0:00 – it’s midnight
1:00 – it’s one a.m. (sharp)
2:13 – it’s thirteen past two a.m. / two thirteen a.m.
* главным образом в анонсах теле- и радиопередач
PRACTICE